State shifts in the deep Critical Zone drive landscape evolution in volcanic terrains

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Karlstrom, Leif; Klema, Nathaniel; Grant, Gordon E.; Finn, Carol; Sullivan, Pamela L.; Cooley, Sarah; Simpson, Alex; Fasth, Becky; Cashman, Katharine; Ferrier, Ken; Ball, Lyndsay; Mckay, Daniele
• 署名单位: University of Oregon; Fort Lewis College; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; Oregon State University; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Duke University; University of Oregon; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
• 刊物名称: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0027-10168
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2415155122
• 发表日期: 2025-01-13
• 关键词: cascade range; heat-flow; basalt; oregon; groundwater; climate; transport; sediment; rates; field

摘要

Volcanic provinces are among the most active but least well understood landscapes on Earth. Here, we show that the central Cascade arc, USA, exhibits systematic spatial covariation of topography and hydrology that are linked to aging volcanic bedrock, suggesting systematic controls on landscape evolution. At the Cascade crest, a locus of Quaternary volcanism, water circulates deeply through the upper similar to 1 km of crust but transitions to shallow and dominantly horizontal flow as rocks age away from the arc front. We argue that this spatial pattern reflects a temporal state shift in the deep Critical Zone. Chemical weathering at depth, surface particulate deposition, and tectonic forcing drive landscapes away from an initial state with minimal topographic dissection, large vertical hydraulic conductivity, abundant lakes, and muted hydrographs toward a state of deep fluvial dissection, small vertical hydraulic conductivity, few lakes, and flashy hydrographs. This state shift has major implications for regional water resources. Drill hole temperature profiles imply at least 81 km(3) of active groundwater currently stored at the Cascade Range crest, with discharge variability a strong function of bedrock age. Deeply circulating groundwater also impacts volcanism, and Holocene High Cascades eruptions reflect explosive magma-water interactions that increase regional volcanic hazard potential. We propose that a Critical Zone state shift drives volcanic landscape evolution in wet climates and represents a framework for understanding interconnected solid earth dynamics and climate in these terrains.