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作者：Jaffe, Judson; Stavins, Robert N.
作者单位：Harvard University; Analysis Group Inc.
摘要：The US Office of Management and Budget introduced in 2003 a new requirement for the treatment of uncertainty in Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs) of proposed regulations, requiring agencies to carry out a formal quantitative uncertainty assessment regarding a regulation's benefits and costs if either is expected to reach $1 billion annually. Despite previous use in other contexts, such formal assessments of uncertainty have rarely been employed in RIAs or other regulatory analyses. We describe...
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作者：Kagan, Robert A.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：Intensified global economic competition, economic liberalization, and the rise of EU governance have led some observers to argue that there has been a trend toward the Americanization'' of the European way of law.'' This article addresses that contention, focusing on legal change in European member states. It first describes ways in which the American legal tradition has differed most sharply from the national legal systems of Western Europe (including Great Britain) and the political and econ...
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作者：Woll, Cornelia; Artigas, Alvaro
摘要：Business-government relations on trade issues are generally characterized as protectionist lobbying or - less often - lobbying for the liberalization of markets. However, with the evolution of the trading system, negotiations today concern not just market opening, but also the regulatory frameworks that structure international trade. This transformation has important consequences for the ways in which private interests can contribute to trade negotiations. Instead of simply trying to exert pre...
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作者：Rosenau, James N.
作者单位：George Washington University
摘要：The processes of globalization have led to a proliferation of spheres of authority and significant challenges for global governance. In this paper is discussed the concept of spheres of authority, the factors that encourage their proliferation, and the prospects for global governance in a world of disaggregated authority. The proliferation of spheres of authority does not mean that global governance is impossible, but that it will not result from a global government. Instead, governance will e...
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作者：Bernstein, Steven; Cashore, Benjamin
作者单位：University of Toronto; Yale University
摘要：In the absence of effective national and intergovernmental regulation to ameliorate global environmental and social problems, private alternatives have proliferated, including self-regulation, corporate social responsibility, and public-private partnerships. Of the alternatives, non-state market driven (NSMD) governance systems deserve greater attention because they offer the strongest regulation and potential to socially embed global markets. NSMD systems encourage compliance by recognizing a...
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作者：Hahn, Robert; Cecot, Caroline
摘要：We know relatively little about the economic effects of insignificant'' rules because they are not typically analyzed. Yet, these rules could be cumulatively important. We provide an economic analysis of one proposed rule to control hazardous air pollutants, which is not considered to be economically significant. This rule is of particular interest because it is one of the first in a long series of rules that Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will consider for limiting hazardous air pollut...
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作者：Balla, Steven J.; Daniels, Benjamin M.
作者单位：George Washington University
摘要：In this research, we assess whether the number of public comments filed in response to proposed agency rules has dramatically increased as a result of the automation of the submission process. Specifically, we compare the volume of comment activity across two large sets of rules issued by the Department of Transportation, one that occurred before the launch of an agency-wide electronic docket system and another that occurred after this launch in 1998. Our analysis shows that, contrary to expec...
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作者：Bull, Benedicte
作者单位：University of Oslo
摘要：It is currently widely recognized that trade liberalization leads not only to deregulation but also to re-regulation. However, it is less well understood how trade agreements and trade liberalization affect domestic regulatory institutions. This article aims to contribute to such an understanding through a case study of Chile. Since 1990, Chile has pursued a strategy of economic integration through bilateral, regional, and multilateral agreements. The study shows how this strategy has led to t...
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作者：May, Peter J.
作者单位：University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
摘要：This research considers accountability issues for new forms of regulation that shift the emphasis from prescribing actions to regulating systems or regulating for results. Shortfalls at various levels of accountability are identified from experiences with these regimes in the regulation of building and fire safety, food safety and nuclear power plant safety. These experiences illustrate how accountability shortfalls can undermine regulatory performance and introduce a potential for subtle form...
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作者：Maggetti, Martino
作者单位：University of Lausanne
摘要：The phenomenon of delegating public authority from elected politicians (or ministries headed by elected politicians) to formally independent regulatory agencies (RAs) is becoming increasingly widespread. This paper examines the relation between formal independence, as prescribed in the constitutions of agencies, and de facto independence. Toward this end, it conceptualizes and assesses de facto independence of RAs, and discusses organizational, institutional, and political explanations for div...
