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作者：Baten, Joerg; Crayen, Dorothee; Voth, Hans-Joachim
作者单位：Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; University of Zurich
摘要：Using census-based data on the ability to recall one's age, we show that low levels of nutrition impaired numeracy in industrializing England, 1780 to 1850: cognitive ability declined among those born during the Napoleonic wars. The effect was stronger in areas where grain was expensive and relief for the poor, an early form of welfare support was limited. Nutritional shortages had a nonlinear effect on numeracy, with, severe shortages impairing numeracy more. Nutrition during childhood also m...
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作者：Zhou, Fujin; Oostendorp, Remco
作者单位：Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Tinbergen Institute; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Tinbergen Institute; University of Oxford
摘要：This paper uses firm-level survey data matched with official tax records to estimate the unobserved true sales of formal firms in Mongolia. Taking into account firm-level incentives to comply with taxes and a production function technology linking unobserved true sales with observable firm-level production characteristics, we derive a multiple-indicators, multiple-causes model predicting true sales. We find that firms underreport sales to the tax office by 38.6%, but firm-level survey data als...
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作者：Bijwaard, Govert E.; Schluter, Christian; Wahba, Jackline
作者单位：Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI-KNAW); Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Southampton
摘要：Using administrative panel data on the entire population of new labor immigrants to the Netherlands, we estimate the effects of individual labor market spells on immigration durations using the timing-of-events method. The model allows for correlated unobserved heterogeneity across migration, unemployment, and employment processes. We find that unemployment spells increase return probabilities for all immigrant groups, while reemployment spells typically delay returns.
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作者：Clay, Karen; Troesken, Werner; Haines, Michael
作者单位：Carnegie Mellon University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Colgate University
摘要：This paper examines the effect of waterborne lead exposure on infant mortality in American cities over the period 1900 to 1920. Variation across cities in water acidity and the types of service pipes, which together determined the extent of lead exposure, identifies the effects of lead on infant mortality. In 1900, a decline in exposure equivalent to an increase in pH from 6.675 (25th percentile) to 7.3 (50th percentile) in cities with lead-only pipes would have been associated with a decrease...
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作者：Lee, Lung-fei; Li, Ji; Lin, Xu
作者单位：University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; Capital One Financial Corporation; Wayne State University
摘要：This paper extends Brock and Durlauf's (2001a, 2001b) binary choice complete network (or group interaction) model with homogeneous rational expectations to a general network model with heterogeneous rational expectations. In our model, individuals will form expectations regarding peers' behaviors taking into account their characteristics. Endogenous, contextual, and correlated effects are all identifiable. Conditions for unique equilibrium are established. For a complete network with heterogen...
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作者：Bozzoli, Carlos; Quintana-Domeque, Climent
作者单位：Universidad Torcuato Di Tella; University of Oxford; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：We investigate how prenatal economic fluctuations affected birth weight in Argentina during the period from January 2000 to December 2005 and document its procyclicality. We find evidence that the birth weight of children born to low-educated (less than high school) mothers is sensitive to macroeconomic fluctuations during both the first and third trimesters of pregnancy, while those of high-educated (high school or above) mothers react only to the first trimester of pregnancy. Our results are...
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作者：Bhargava, Saurabh; Fisman, Ray
作者单位：Carnegie Mellon University; Columbia University
摘要：We provide an empirical test of contrast effects-a bias where a decision maker perceives information in contrast to what preceded it-in the quasi-experimental context of speed dating decisions. We document that prior partner attractiveness reduces the subsequent likelihood of an affirmative dating decision. This relationship is confined to recent interactions, consistent with a perceptual error, but not learning or the presence of a quota in affirmative responses. The contrast effect is driven...
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作者：Behar, Alberto; Nelson, Benjamin D.
作者单位：International Monetary Fund; Bank of England
摘要：Anderson and van Wincoop (2003) showed the importance of multilateral resistance general equilibrium effects in estimating the response of trade flows to trade costs. We integrate this into Helpman, Melitz, and Rubinstein's (2008) extension of Anderson and van Wincoop's framework, which allows for firm heterogeneity, in order to quantify the different margins of adjustment. For bilateral trade cost changes, the general equilibrium effects are small. Surprisingly, most country pairs reduce thei...
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作者：Gross, Tal; Notowidigdo, Matthew J.; Wang, Jialan
作者单位：Columbia University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Chicago
摘要：We estimate the extent to which legal and administrative fees prevent liquidity-constrained households from declaring bankruptcy. To do so, we study how the 2001 and 2008 tax rebates affected consumer bankruptcy filings. We exploit the randomized timing of the rebate checks and estimate that the rebates caused a significant short-run increase in consumer bankruptcies in both years, with larger effects in 2008 when the rebates were more generous and more widely distributed. Using hand-collected...
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作者：Ballester, Coralio; Vorsatz, Marc
作者单位：Universitat d'Alacant; Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia (UNED)
摘要：We propose an intuitive way of how to measure segregation in social and spatial networks. Using random walks, we define the segregation index as the probability that an individual meets an individual from the same social group. The segregation index is a generalization of the isolation index and a homophily index introduced in Currarini, Jackson, and Pin (2009), and it has a closed-form relation to PageRank that facilitates its computation. We also show that the Spectral Segregation Index prop...
