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作者：Adams, Abi; Hara, Kotaro; Milland, Kristy; Callison-Burch, Chris
作者单位：University of Oxford; Singapore Management University; University of Pennsylvania
摘要：This paper analyzes gender differences in working patterns and wages on Amazon Mechanical Turk, a popular online labor platform. Using information on 2 million tasks, we find no gender differences in task selection nor experience. Nonetheless, women earn 20% less per hour on average. Gender differences in working patterns are a significant driver of this wage gap. Women are more likely to interrupt their working time on the platform with consequences for their task completion speed. A followup...
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作者：Ding, Hui; Duggan, Mark; Starc, Amanda
作者单位：Fudan University; Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Northwestern University
摘要：We study Medicare's competitive bidding program for durable medical equipment. We use Medicare claims data to examine the effect on prices and utilization, focusing on continuous positive airway pressure devices for sleep apnea. We find that spending falls by 47.2% after a highly imperfect bidding mechanism is introduced. This is almost entirely driven by a 44.8% price reduction, though quantities also fall by 4.3%. To disentangle supply and demand, we leverage differential cost sharing across...
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作者：Tannenbaum, David; Cohn, Alain; Zund, Christian Lukas; Marechal, Michel Andre
作者单位：Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Zurich; University of California System; University of California San Diego
摘要：We assess the predictive power of survey measures of social capital with a new behavioral data set that examines whether citizens report a lost wallet to its owner. Using data from more than 17,000 lost wallets across 40 countries, we find that survey measures of social capital-especially questions concerning generalized trust or generalized morality-are strongly and significantly correlated with country-level differences in wallet reporting rates. A second finding is that lost wallet reportin...
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作者：Brodeur, Abel; Yousaf, Hasin
作者单位：University of Ottawa; University of New South Wales Sydney
摘要：In this paper, we investigate the economic consequences of massshootings. We find that shootings have negative effects on targeted coun-ties' economies. Estimates using three different comparison groups yieldsimilar results. Examining the mechanisms, we find that residents of tar-geted areas: (i) develop pessimistic views of financial and local businessconditions; and (ii) are more likely to report poor mental health, whichhinders usual activities such as work, suggesting that shootings lead t...
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作者：Manara, Martina; Regan, Tanner
作者单位：George Washington University
摘要：Information on willingness-to-pay is key for public pricing and allocation of services but not easily collected. Studying land titles in Dar-es-Salaam, we ask whether local leaders know and will reveal plot owners' willingness-to-pay. We randomly assign leaders to predict under different settings then elicit owners' actual willingness-to-pay. Demand is substantial but below exorbitant fees. Leaders can predict the aggregate demand curve and distinguish variation across owners. Predictions wors...
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作者：Pathak, Parag A.; Rees-Jones, Alex; Sonmez, Tayfun
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Pennsylvania; Boston College
摘要：The H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004 dictates an annual allocation of 85,000 visas with 20,000 reserved for advanced-degree applicants. We represent the main requirements of this legislation as formal axioms and characterize visa allocation rules consistent with the axioms. Despite the precise number reserved, we show that the range of implementations satisfying these axioms can change the allocation of advanced-degree visas by as much as 14,000 in an average year. Of all rules satisfying these ax...
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作者：Ambuehl, Sandro; Ockenfels, Axel; Stewart, Colin
作者单位：University of Zurich; University of Cologne; Max Planck Society; University of Toronto
摘要：Participation payments are used in many transactions about which people know little but can learn more: incentives for medical trial participation, signing bonuses for job applicants, or price rebates on consumer durables. Who opts into the transaction when given such incentives? We theoretically and experimentally identify a composition effect whereby incentives disproportionately increase participation among those for whom learning is harder. Moreover, these individuals use less information ...
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作者：Bartik, Alexander W.; Nelson, Scott T.
作者单位：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Chicago
摘要：We study the removal of information from a market, such as a job-applicant screening tool. We characterize how removal harms groups with relative advantage in that information: typically those for whom the banned information is most precise relative to alternative signals. We illustrate this using recent bans on employers' use of credit report data. Bans decrease job-finding rates for Black job-seekers by 3 percentage points and increase involuntary separations for Black new hires by 4 percent...
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作者：Lang, Kevin; Leong, Kaiwen; Li, Huailu; Xu, Haibo
作者单位：Boston University; Griffith University; Fudan University; National University of Singapore; University of Nottingham Ningbo China
摘要：Using over 11,000 unlicensed loans to over 1,000 borrowers inSingapore, we provide basic information about an understudied market:illegal moneylending. Borrowers and lenders interact frequently and relyprimarily on relational contracts to enforce their agreements. Borrowershave high discount rates, often have gambling and/or substance abuse prob-lems, and often repay late. While lenders sometimes resort to nonfinancialpunishments, the primary cost of late repayment is the compounding of avery ...
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作者：Buus, Magnus T.; Munch, Jakob R.; Rodrigue, Joel; Schaur, Georg
作者单位：University of Copenhagen; Vanderbilt University; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville
摘要：Firms success in international markets depends on their product's quality, prices, markups, and marginal cost. However, causally identified empirical evidence for the effect of trade policies that address nontariff barriers on these mechanisms is rare. To fill this gap, we exploit a quasinatural experiment in Denmark and examine the effects of an export support policy aimed at reducing nontariff barriers to trade. We find that export support raises firm-level exports within markets. However, e...
