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作者：Altmann, Steffen; Falk, Armin; Grunewald, Andreas
作者单位：University of Wurzburg; University of Copenhagen; University of Bonn; Frankfurt School Finance & Management
摘要：We report the results of two laboratory experiments and a repre-sentative survey that investigate how default effects are shaped by informa-tion asymmetries and strategic incentives. We document that defaults aremore informative when the interests of default setters and decision makersare more closely aligned. Decision makers' propensity to accept defaultsdepends, both, on the alignment of interests and the quality of their infor-mation. In a second experiment, we demonstrate that decision mak...
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作者：Moretti, Enrico; Steinwender, Claudia; Van Reenen, John
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Bureau of Economic Research; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR); University of Munich; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We examine the impact of government funding for R&D-anddefense-related R&D in particular-on privately conducted R&D and itsultimate effect on productivity growth. We estimate longitudinal modelsthat relate privately funded R&D to lagged government-funded R&D usingindustry-country level data from OECD countries and firm level data fromFrance. To deal with the potentially endogenous allocation of governmentR&D funds, we use changes in predicted defense R&D as an instrumentalvariable. In many OEC...
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作者：Adams, Abi; Hara, Kotaro; Milland, Kristy; Callison-Burch, Chris
作者单位：University of Oxford; Singapore Management University; University of Pennsylvania
摘要：This paper analyzes gender differences in working patterns and wages on Amazon Mechanical Turk, a popular online labor platform. Using information on 2 million tasks, we find no gender differences in task selection nor experience. Nonetheless, women earn 20% less per hour on average. Gender differences in working patterns are a significant driver of this wage gap. Women are more likely to interrupt their working time on the platform with consequences for their task completion speed. A followup...
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作者：Ding, Hui; Duggan, Mark; Starc, Amanda
作者单位：Fudan University; Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Northwestern University
摘要：We study Medicare's competitive bidding program for durable medical equipment. We use Medicare claims data to examine the effect on prices and utilization, focusing on continuous positive airway pressure devices for sleep apnea. We find that spending falls by 47.2% after a highly imperfect bidding mechanism is introduced. This is almost entirely driven by a 44.8% price reduction, though quantities also fall by 4.3%. To disentangle supply and demand, we leverage differential cost sharing across...
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作者：Tannenbaum, David; Cohn, Alain; Zund, Christian Lukas; Marechal, Michel Andre
作者单位：Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Zurich; University of California System; University of California San Diego
摘要：We assess the predictive power of survey measures of social capital with a new behavioral data set that examines whether citizens report a lost wallet to its owner. Using data from more than 17,000 lost wallets across 40 countries, we find that survey measures of social capital-especially questions concerning generalized trust or generalized morality-are strongly and significantly correlated with country-level differences in wallet reporting rates. A second finding is that lost wallet reportin...
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作者：Schiffbauer, Marc; Sampi, James; Coronado, Javier
作者单位：The World Bank; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru; Universidad de Piura
摘要：This paper uses new data on the removal of local, sector-specificbarriers to firm entry across 1,800 municipalities in Peru to estimate theimpact on firm productivity and markups. New legislation in 2013 strength-ened the national competition authority's mandate to enforce the elimi-nation of local entry barriers, providing a quasi-experimental setting toidentify the impact of competition on productivity within the controlledinstitutional environment of a single country. We find that the elimi...
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作者：Ambuehl, Sandro; Bernheim, B. Douglas; Ersoy, Fulya; Harris, Donna
作者单位：University of Zurich; Stanford University; University of Chicago; University of Oxford
摘要：We investigate the impact of peer interaction on the quality of fi-nancial decision making in a laboratory experiment. Face-to-face commu-nication with a randomly assigned peer significantly improves the qualityof subsequent private decisions even though simple mimicry would havethe opposite effect. We present evidence that the mechanism involves gen-eral conceptual learning (because the benefits of communication extend topreviously unseen tasks), and that the most effective learning relations...
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作者：Manara, Martina; Regan, Tanner
作者单位：George Washington University
摘要：Information on willingness-to-pay is key for public pricing and allocation of services but not easily collected. Studying land titles in Dar-es-Salaam, we ask whether local leaders know and will reveal plot owners' willingness-to-pay. We randomly assign leaders to predict under different settings then elicit owners' actual willingness-to-pay. Demand is substantial but below exorbitant fees. Leaders can predict the aggregate demand curve and distinguish variation across owners. Predictions wors...
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作者：Pathak, Parag A.; Rees-Jones, Alex; Sonmez, Tayfun
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Pennsylvania; Boston College
摘要：The H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004 dictates an annual allocation of 85,000 visas with 20,000 reserved for advanced-degree applicants. We represent the main requirements of this legislation as formal axioms and characterize visa allocation rules consistent with the axioms. Despite the precise number reserved, we show that the range of implementations satisfying these axioms can change the allocation of advanced-degree visas by as much as 14,000 in an average year. Of all rules satisfying these ax...
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作者：Ambuehl, Sandro; Ockenfels, Axel; Stewart, Colin
作者单位：University of Zurich; University of Cologne; Max Planck Society; University of Toronto
摘要：Participation payments are used in many transactions about which people know little but can learn more: incentives for medical trial participation, signing bonuses for job applicants, or price rebates on consumer durables. Who opts into the transaction when given such incentives? We theoretically and experimentally identify a composition effect whereby incentives disproportionately increase participation among those for whom learning is harder. Moreover, these individuals use less information ...
