作者：Institut d'Etudes Politiques Paris (Sciences Po)
摘要：Was colonization costly for France? Did French taxpayers contribute to colonies' development? This article reveals that French West Africa's colonization took only 0.29 percent of French annual expenditures, including 0.24 percent for military and central administration and 0.05 percent for French West Africa's development. For West Africans, the contribution from French taxpayers was almost negligible: mainland France provided about 2 percent of French West Africa's revenue. In fact, coloniza...
作者：Hong Kong University of Science & Technology; Shandong University
摘要：We examine the impact of rigorous trade suppression during 1550-1567 on the sharp rise of piracy in this period of Ming China. By analyzing a uniquely constructed historical data set, we find that the enforcement of a sea (trade) ban policy led to a rise in pirate attacks that was 1.3 times greater among the coastal prefectures more suitable for silk manufacturesour proxy for greater trade potential. Our study illuminates the conflicts in which China subsequently engaged with the Western power...
作者：Clemson University; National Bureau of Economic Research
