-
作者：McGill University
-
作者：Harvard University
摘要：Recent research indicates the joint stock form was not a superior type of business organization in many countries historically. In Japan. however, its role was more pervasive. From 1896 to 1939 joint stock enterprises accounted for 44 percent of registered businesses and 80 percent of total capital. From 1922 to 1939 these enterprises outperformed other forms and generated 94 percent of aggregate profits. External finance factors, Japan's development phase, industrial structure, public policy,...
-
作者：University of Munster
-
作者：University of Mississippi
-
作者：University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Lowell
-
作者：Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University
-
作者：University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Lowell
-
作者：University of Pisa; University of Siena
摘要：The impact of protection on economic growth has enjoyed a revival in recent times, with the publication of a number of comparative quantitative papers. They all share a common weakness: they measure protection as the ratio of custom revenues to import value, which biases results if demand for imports is not perfectly inelastic. In this article, we show that the measure of protection matters. We estimate the James Anderson and Peter Neary (2005) Trade Restrictiveness Index for Italy from unific...
-
作者：Occidental College
摘要：Landschaften were cooperative mortgage associations that emerged in Prussia after the Seven Years War (1756-1763) to support the Prussian landed nobility. Landschaften issued covered mortgage bonds, called Pfandbriefe, which helped re-capitalize the Prussian estates. Relying on mortgage data for 554 estates, this article provides a detailed look at one of these institutionsthe Landschaft of East Prussia. The article offers insights into the self-selection of participants and the distribution o...
-
作者：Rhode, Paul; Carlos, Ann
