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作者：Vanderbilt University; Boston University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
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作者：University of Arizona; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The growth of American governments in the twentieth century included large increases in funds for social insurance and public assistance. Social insurance has increased far more than public assistance, so rise in the social insurance state is a far better description of the century than rise in the welfare state. The United States has increased total spending in these areas as much or more as have European countries, but the U.S. spending has relied less heavily on government programs. In the ...
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作者：University of California System; University of California Irvine
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作者：University of Oxford
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作者：Lund University
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作者：University of California System; University of California Davis; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
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作者：State University of New York (SUNY) System; Farmingdale State College; Queens University Belfast
摘要：For many decades, there were stock exchanges operating in provincial cities across Britain. We analyze why companies listed on these markets and how this changed over time. We find that the provincial exchanges had traditionally been complementary to London, providing a trading venue for smaller regional companies. However, they gradually lost their uniqueness and were increasingly competing with London by listing similar stocks. Much of this change can be explained by shifts in industrial com...
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作者：Queens University Belfast; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville
摘要：Do large franchise extensions bring about dramatic electoral changes? Electoral reforms in 1918 nearly tripled the number of people eligible to vote in Ireland. Following the reforms-the largest franchise extension in U.K. history-the previously obscure Sinn Fein party secured 73 of Ireland's 105 seats, an outcome that precipitated a guerrilla war and ultimately independence from the United Kingdom. However, our analysis finds little evidence that the franchise reforms benefited Sinn Fein. New...
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作者：Brandeis University
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作者：University of California System; University of California Davis
