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作者：Leibniz Association; Leibniz Institut fur Agrarentwicklung in Transformationsokonomien (IAMO); Humboldt University of Berlin
摘要：This article explores the pattern of land rents and agricultural productivity across nineteenth-century Prussia to gain new insights on the causes of the Little Divergence between European regions. We argue that agriculture reacted to urban and industrial development rather than shaping it. In the spirit of Johann von Thunen and Ernst Engel, we develop a theoretical model to test how access to urban demand affected agricultural development. We show that the effect of urban demand is causal and...
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作者：Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
摘要：The Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1860 is regarded as central turning point in nineteenth-century trade policy, inaugurating a free trade era in Western Europe. We reexamine this story and put it into global perspective with a new database covering more than 7,500 data points for 11 categories of manufactures in 41 countries and colonies around the world between 1846 and 1880. It reveals that bilateralism after 1860 reinforced a process already underway before. Nevertheless, we highlight that tra...
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作者：Williams College
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作者：University of California System; University of California Berkeley
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作者：University of Rochester
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作者：University of Southampton
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作者：University of Arizona
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作者：University of Pennsylvania
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作者：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：Motion pictures constituted a revolutionary new technology that transformed entertainment-a rival, labor-intensive service-into a non-rival commodity. Combining growth accounting with a new output concept shows productivity growth in entertainment surpassed that in any manufacturing industry between 1900 and 1938. Productivity growth in personal services was not stagnant by definition, as current understanding has it, but instead was unparalleled in some cases. Motion pictures' contribution to...
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作者：Wellesley College; National Bureau of Economic Research; McKinsey & Company
摘要：Using newly collected data, this article compares the wealth and status of New York City households who owned corporate stock to the general population both in 1791, when there were only two corporations in the state, and in 1826, when there were hundreds. The results indicate that although corporate stock was held principally by the city's elite merchants in both periods, share ownership became more widespread over time among less affluent households. In particular, later corporations were ow...
