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作者：Cutler, David; Dafny, Leemore; Grabowski, David C.; Lee, Steven; Ody, Christopher
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Harvard University; Brown University; Northwestern University; Analysis Group Inc.
摘要：We examine whether vertical integration of hospitals and skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) could lessen competition by foreclosing rival SNFs'access to lucrative referrals. We find that it could: Among integrated providers, a 1 percent increase in SNF reimbursement for a given patient discharged from the upstream hospital increases the self-referral rate to the hospital's downstream SNF(s) by 1.8 percent. We find no evidence of offsetting benefits for patients and payers: These increased self-...
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作者：Casi, Elisa; Gavrilova, Evelina; Murphy, David; Zoutman, Floris T.
作者单位：Norwegian School of Economics (NHH); Norwegian School of Economics (NHH); Leibniz Association; Zentrum fur Europaische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW); Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut
摘要：We study the effect of stricter enforcement of the dividend-withholding tax (DWT). We focus on a 2016 Danish enforcement reform and compare Denmark to its Nordic neighbors. Throughout the Nordic stock markets, shares on loan spike sharply around dividend dates. These spikes are consistent with abuse of the DWT system. Postreform, spikes in Denmark disappear, and annual DWT revenue increases by 130 percent. Enforcement does not harm the investment climate as measured by Danish stock returns, in...
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作者：Harrington, Emma; Murdock III, William; Shaffer, Hannah
作者单位：University of Virginia; Harvard University
摘要：Incarceration is often justified by a defendant's risk of future crime. To what extent do biased beliefs about predictors of crime distort incarceration decisions? We survey prosecutors about how violent rearrest rates vary by defendant age and criminal history. Surveyed prosecutors make systematic errors: They underestimate the decline in rearrest with age and overestimate the increase with criminal history. By linking prosecutors' beliefs to their quasi-randomly assigned cases, we show that ...
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作者：Ibanez, Ana Maria; Quigua, Juliana; Romero, Maria Jimena; Velasquez, Andrea
作者单位：Inter-American Development Bank; University of London; University College London; Cornell University; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：We show that exposure to extreme temperatures significantly increases international migration from El Salvador, where nearly a quarter of the population lives in the United States. Extreme temperatures reduce corn yields, leading producers to decrease their use of postharvest inputs and demand for agricultural workers. These income losses, combined with established US migration networks, increase emigration. Our findings highlight how international migration serves as a response to extreme tem...
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作者：Garcia, Jorge Luis
作者单位：Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
摘要：I investigate the intrahousehold labor and resource allocation consequences of an employment guarantee targeting rural households in India. The guarantee insures household earnings, replacing women as added workers and shutting down a motive for saving. Despite sizable program-job take-up, the guarantee decreases participation in other working activities and, thus, labor force participation of married women and total time worked by their husbands. The guarantee accounts for up to 30 percent of...
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作者：Bohne, Albrecht; Nimczik, Jan sebastian
作者单位：Leibniz Association; Zentrum fur Europaische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW); European School of Management & Technology
摘要：We evaluate a tax reform in Ecuador that introduced generous deductions from personal income taxes (PIT), encouraging consumers to request receipts. The reform addresses tax evasion by targeting small self-employed businesses that mainly sell goods or services not subject to value-added taxes (VAT) but that often evade income taxes. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in receipt demand due to the distribution of taxpayers across regions and professions, we find significant increases in re...
