作者：Bodansky, Daniel; Dunoff, Jeffrey L.; Pollack, Mark A.
作者单位：Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
作者：Milanovic, Marko
作者单位：University of Reading
摘要：International law prohibits states from intervening in the internal and external affairs of other states, but only if the method of intervention is coercive. This Article argues that coercion can be understood in two different ways or models. First, as coercion-as-extortion, a demand coupled with a threat of harm or the infliction of harm, done to extract some kind of concession from the victim state-in other words, an act targeting the victim state's will or decision-making calculus. Second, ...
作者：Galbraith, Jean; Almarri, Latifa; Bhati, Lisha; Brooks, Rheem; Green, Zachary; Hu, Margo; Irshaidat, Noor
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania
摘要：Fines and other financial sanctions are frequently imposed by criminal justice systems around the world. Yet they also raise grave concerns about economic discrimination. Unless they are perfectly scaled to defendants' financial circumstances, they will penalize poor persons far more than rich ones-and poor defendants' inability to pay can lead to further penalties like imprisonment or additional financial sanctions. These poverty penalties have received attention in domestic jurisdictions but...
作者：Howse, Robert; Langille, Joanna
作者单位：New York University; Western University (University of Western Ontario)
摘要：The World Trade Organization is at an important institutional crossroads, buffeted by critique and with its once-heralded dispute system in doubt. Despite some achievements at the 2022 MC12 Ministerial Conference, the WTO appears in crisis, without a strong institutional mandate. In this Article, we offer a vision for its future, rooted in a particular interpretation of its past. The WTO's legal architecture is characterized by a resilient pluralism, which seeks to preserve diversity of govern...
