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作者：Yu, Ang; Elwert, Felix
作者单位：University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：We introduce a new nonparametric causal decomposition approach that identifies the mechanisms by which a treatment variable contributes to a group-based outcome disparity. Our approach distinguishes three mechanisms: group differences in: (1) treatment prevalence, (2) average treatment effects, and (3) selection into treatment based on individual-level treatment effects. Our approach reformulates classic Kitagawa-Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions in causal and nonparametric terms, complements caus...
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作者：Chacon-montalvan, Erick A.; Parry, Luke; Giorgi, Emanuele; Torres, Patricia; Orellana, Jesem Douglas Yamall; Moraga, Paula; Taylor, Benjamin M.
作者单位：University Nacional de Ingenieria Lima; Universidade Federal do Para; Lancaster University; Lancaster University; Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz; King Abdullah University of Science & Technology; University College Cork
摘要：Food insecurity, a latent construct defined as the lack of consistent access to sufficient and nutritious food, is a pressing global issue with serious health and social justice implications. Item factor analysis is commonly used to study such latent constructs, but it typically assumes independence between sampling units. In the context of food insecurity, this assumption is often unrealistic, as food access is linked to socioeconomic conditions and social relations that are spatially structu...
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作者：Esser, Jonas; Maia, Mateus; Parnell, Andrew C.; Bosmans, Judith E.; van Dongen, Johanna Maria; Klausch, Thomas; Murphy, Keefe
作者单位：Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; University of Glasgow; University College Dublin; University of Amsterdam; Maynooth University; Maynooth University
摘要：In recent years, theoretical results and simulation evidence have shown Bayesian additive regression trees to be a highly-effective method for non-parametric regression. Motivated by cost-effectiveness analyses in health economics, where interest lies in jointly modelling the costs of healthcare treatments and the associated health-related quality of life experienced by a patient, we propose a multivariate extension of BART which is applicable in regression analyses with several dependent outc...
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作者：Shin, Heejun; Linero, Antonio; Audirac, Michelle; Irene, Kezia; Braun, Danielle; Antonelli, Joseph
作者单位：Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
摘要：Estimating the joint effect of a multivariate, continuous exposure is crucial, particularly in environmental health where interest lies in simultaneously evaluating the impact of multiple environmental pollutants on health. We develop novel methodology that addresses two key issues for estimation of treatment effects of multivariate, continuous exposures. We use nonparametric Bayesian methodology that is flexible to ensure our approach can capture a wide range of data generating processes. Add...
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作者：Angelopoulos, Anastasios N.; Bates, Stephen; Candes, Emmanuel J.; Jordan, Michael, I; Lei, Lihua
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Stanford University; Stanford University
摘要：We introduce a framework for calibrating machine learning models to satisfy finite-sample statistical guarantees. Our calibration algorithms work with any model and (unknown) data-generating distribution and do not require retraining. The algorithms address, among other examples, false discovery rate control in multilabel classification, intersection-over-union control in instance segmentation, and simultaneous control of the type-1 outlier error and confidence set coverage in classification o...
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作者：Zhang, Dongxue; Feng, Long; Wu, Yujia; Lan, Wei; Zhou, Jing
作者单位：Southwestern University of Finance & Economics - China; Southwestern University of Finance & Economics - China; Nankai University; Nankai University; Renmin University of China; Renmin University of China
摘要：Ever since its outbreak, COVID-19 has been rapidly spreading around the world and has become a significant threat to public health. Past experience has shown that, because of the incubation period, the contemporaneous population flow does not affect the contemporaneous number of cases, but the time-lagged population flow can affect case numbers. Moreover, the population flow networks of different lags can exhibit varying influences on the transmission of COVID-19. However, most existing studie...
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作者：Douwes-Schultz, Dirk; Schmidt, Alexandra m.; Shen, Yannan; Buckeridge, David l.
作者单位：McGill University
摘要：Recurrent COVID-19 outbreaks have placed immense strain on the hospital system in Quebec. We develop a Bayesian three-state coupled Markov admissions in the 30 largest hospitals. Within each catchment area, we assume the existence of three states for the disease: absence, a new state meant to account for many zeroes in some of the smaller areas; endemic and outbreak. Then we assume the disease switches between the three states in each area through a series of coupled nonhomogeneous hidden Mark...
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作者：Wang, Ye; Samii, Cyrus; Chang, Haoge; Aronow, P. M.
作者单位：University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; New York University; Columbia University; Yale University
摘要：We consider design-based causal inference for spatial experiments in which treatments may have effects that bleed out and feed back in complex ways. Such spatial spillover effects violate the no interference assumption for standard causal inference methods. The complexity of spatial spillover effects also raises the risk of misspecification and bias in model-based analyses. We offer an approach for robust inference in such settings without having to specify a parametric outcome model. We defin...
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作者：Wei, Kecheng; Xue, Fei; Xu, Qi; Yuan, Yubai; Zhang, Yuexia; Qin, Guoyou; Wani, Agaz H.; Aiello, Allison E.; Wildman, Derek E.; Uddin, Monica; Qu, Annie
作者单位：Fudan University; Purdue University System; Purdue University; Carnegie Mellon University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; Columbia University; Columbia University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
摘要：DNA methylation (DNAm) has been shown to mediate causal effects from traumatic experiences to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the scientific question about whether the mediation effect changes over time remains unclear. In this paper we develop time-varying structural equation models to identify cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites, where DNAm mediates the effect of trauma exposure on PTSD, and to capture dynamic changes in mediation effects. The proposed methodology is motiva...
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作者：Yu, Peng; Lian, Yumin; Xie, Elliot; Zuleger, Cindy L.; Albertini, Richard J.; Albertini, Mark R.; Newton, Michael A.
作者单位：University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Vermont; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital
摘要：Surrogate selection is an experimental design that without sequencing any DNA can restrict a sample of cells to those carrying certain genomic mutations. In immunological disease studies, this design may provide a relatively easy approach to enrich a lymphocyte sample with cells relevant to the disease response because the emergence of neutral mutations associates with the proliferation history of clonal subpopulations. A statistical analysis of clonotype sizes provides a structured, quantitat...
