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作者：Kahn, ME
作者单位：Tufts University
摘要：Environmental regulation in the United States has increased pollution abatement expenditure as a percentage of gross national product from 1.7 percent in 1972 to an estimated 2.6 percent in the year 2000. This rise in regulation has coincided with demographic and economic changes that include rising educational levels, a growing minority population, an aging population, and decreasing employment in polluting industries. This paper examines whether these trends have contributed to increasing ag...
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作者：Friedman, LS
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley
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作者：McGregor, EB Jr
作者单位：Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
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作者：Zielenbach, S
作者单位：United States Department of the Treasury
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作者：McGregor, EB Jr
作者单位：Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
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作者：Löfstedt, RE; Fischhoff, B; Fischhoff, IR
作者单位：University of London; King's College London; Carnegie Mellon University; Carnegie Mellon University; Princeton University
摘要：Precautionary principles have been proposed as a fundamental element of sound risk management. Their advocates see them as guiding action in the face of uncertainty, encouraging the adoption of measures that reduce serious risks to health, safety, and the environment. Their opponents may reject the very idea of precautionary principles, find specific principles unacceptably vague or see them as clearly doing economic damage-either to society as a whole or to their own interests. This article t...
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作者：Stone, D
作者单位：Dartmouth College
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作者：Danziger, S; Heflin, CM; Corcoran, ME; Oltmans, E; Wang, HC
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Kentucky; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act requires welfare recipients to look for work and has made it more difficult for nonworking recipients to remain on the welfare rolls. In addition, the economic boom of the 1990s and changes in federal and state policies have raised the net income gain associated with moving from welfare to work. This paper analyzes data from a panel survey of single mothers, all of whom received welfare in February 1997. In 1999, those wh...
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作者：Stone, D
作者单位：Dartmouth College
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作者：Howell, WG; Wolf, PJ; Campbell, DE; Peterson, PE
作者单位：University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Georgetown University; Harvard University
摘要：This article examines the effects of school vouchers on student test scores in New York, New York, Dayton, Ohio, and Washington, DC. The evaluations in all three cities are designed as randomized field trials. The findings, therefore, are not confounded by, the self-selection problems that pervade most observational data. After 2 Years, African Americans who switched from public to private school gained, relative to their public-school peers, an average of 6.3 National Percentile Ranking point...
