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作者：Hood, Christopher; Dixon, Ruth
作者单位：University of Oxford
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作者：Hansberger, Jason
作者单位：United States Department of Defense; United States Air Force
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作者：Littoz-Monnet, Annabelle
摘要：This article challenges the assumption that ethics committees introduce democratic control in policy areas where scientific expertise and ethical concerns collide. The claim is that politicians or bureaucrats are likely to resort to the use of ethical expertise when they face a specific type of dilemma: the impossibility, on the one hand, of yielding a consensus on controversial value-based issues via the democratic route and the need, on the other, to legitimize controversial policy choices i...
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作者：Peters, B. Guy; Pierre, Jon
作者单位：Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; University of Gothenburg
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作者：Bolleyer, Nicole; Gauja, Anika
作者单位：University of Exeter; University of Sydney
摘要：The way in which political parties use state resources indirectly (e.g., parliamentary expenses) receives substantial attention in public debate, particularly when surrounded by perceptions of misuse. However, scholarly studies of resources indirectly available to parties through their functions in the state, how they are used and regulated, are rare. This article presents an analytical framework that identifies and categorizes the range of indirect resources linked to parties' institutional r...
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作者：Harbers, Imke
作者单位：University of Amsterdam
摘要：Even though the unequal reach of the state has become an important concern in the literature on developing democracies in Latin America, empirical measures of intracountry variation in state capacity are scarce. So far, attempts to develop valid measures of the reach of the state have often been hampered by inadequate data. Leveraging insights from national-level scholarship, this article proposes a tax-based measure to capture such intracountry variation. Drawing on a comprehensive data set o...
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作者：Bach, Tobias; Ruffing, Eva; Yesilkagit, Kutsal
作者单位：Hertie School; Leibniz University Hannover; Utrecht University
摘要：This article examines the influence of Europeanization on the relationship between ministries and agencies at the national level. The core argument is that the differentiated nature of the international environment (with policy development often transferred to the international level and policy implementation left at the national level) transforms national agencies into policy-developing actors that shape policies without being directly influenced by their national political principals. The in...
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作者：Lee, Melissa M.; Walter-Drop, Gregor
作者单位：Stanford University; Free University of Berlin
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作者：Gofen, Anat; Needham, Catherine
作者单位：Hebrew University of Jerusalem; University of Birmingham
摘要：Governmental reaction to citizens' noncompliance with policy is often portrayed as a retrospective enforcement effort, in which incentives and information serve as the main mechanisms to change citizens' noncompliant behavior. This study suggests that government may adapt existing policy arrangements to encourage compliance rather than enforce implementation. Such responses recognize that noncompliance is an ongoing decision-making process rather than a single event, with scope for government ...
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作者：Clifton, Judith
作者单位：Cornell University
