作者：Bollen, Kenneth A.
作者单位：University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
摘要：Although the literature on alternatives to effect indicators is growing, there has been little attention given to evaluating causal and composite (formative) indicators. This paper provides an overview of this topic by contrasting ways of assessing the validity of effect and causal indicators in structural equation models (SEMs). It also draws a distinction between composite (formative) indicators and causal indicators and argues that validity is most relevant to the latter. Sound validity ass...
作者：Chen, Pei-yu; Kataria, Gaurav; Krishnan, Ramayya
作者单位：Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University; Carnegie Mellon University
摘要：The increasing dependence on information networks for business operations has focused managerial attention on managing risks posed by failure of these networks. In this paper, we develop models to assess the risk of failure on the availability of an information network due to attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities. Software vulnerabilities arise from software installed on the nodes of the network. When the same software stack is installed on multiple nodes on the network, software vulne...
作者：Gefen, David; Rigdon, Edward E.; Straub, Detmar
作者单位：Drexel University; University System of Georgia; Georgia State University
