EVALUATING EFFECT, COMPOSITE, AND CAUSAL INDICATORS IN STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Bollen, Kenneth A.
• 署名单位: University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
• 刊物名称: MIS QUARTERLY
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0276-7783
• 发表日期: 2011
• 页码: 359-372
• 关键词: formative measurement; multiple indicators; wilcox 2007; misspecification; identification; breivik; howell

摘要

Although the literature on alternatives to effect indicators is growing, there has been little attention given to evaluating causal and composite (formative) indicators. This paper provides an overview of this topic by contrasting ways of assessing the validity of effect and causal indicators in structural equation models (SEMs). It also draws a distinction between composite (formative) indicators and causal indicators and argues that validity is most relevant to the latter. Sound validity assessment of indicators is dependent on having an adequate overall model fit and on the relative stability of the parameter estimates for the latent variable and indicators as they appear in different models. If the overall fit and stability of estimates are adequate, then a researcher can assess validity using the unstandardized and standardized validity coefficients and the unique validity variance estimate. With multiple causal indicators or with effect indicators influenced by multiple latent variables, collinearity diagnostics are useful. These results are illustrated with a number of correctly and incorrectly specified hypothetical models.