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作者：HILL, CWL
摘要：Given the limits of the patent systems, an innovating firm faces a difficult strategic conundrum: should it license its new technology to competitors or not? If the innovating firm does not license its new technology, competitors may quickly develop their own, possibly better, version of the technology. On the other hand, if imitation of the new technology is difficult, by denying its technology to competitors the innovating firm may be able to establish a competitive advantage. If the innovat...
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作者：PENNINGS, JM; HARIANTO, F
摘要：This paper presents a theory of innovation which presumes that new technologies emerge from a firm's accumulated stock of skills. Among these we distinguish technological and networking skills. We examine two aspects of innovating firms: their inclination to adopt a technological innovation, and their propensity to implement innovation alone or with other firms. Historical conditions pertaining to organizational skills are examined to account for these aspects. Among the most important are a f...
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作者：LAWLESS, MW
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作者：TYRE, MJ; HAUPTMAN, O
作者单位：Harvard University
摘要：This paper examines the effectiveness of organizational problem solving in response to technological change in the production process. First, the paper measures the degree of uncertainty associated with a given technological change by examining (1) the novelty of specific new features and functions, and (2) the required departure from established operating assumptions and organizational relationships. Second, the paper identifies three modes of problem solving that organizations use in dealing...
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作者：LAWLESS, MW; PRICE, LL
摘要：Technology champions are members of organizations presenting new technology to fellow members who are potential users. They are widely accepted as instrumental in many implementation settings. In the perspective that dominates the current literature, champions are allied with outside technology, and users are slow to adopt innovation. Much effort has gone into describing traits of champions and solving problems in the process of getting users to accept the new technology. This focus emphasizes...
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作者：ORLIKOWSKI, WJ
摘要：This paper develops a new theoretical model with which to examine the interaction between technology and organizations. Early research studies assumed technology to be an objective, external force that would have deterministic impacts on organizational properties such as structure. Later researchers focused on the human aspect of technology, seeing it as the outcome of strategic choice and social action. This paper suggests that either view is incomplete, and proposes a reconceptualization of ...
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作者：KOGUT, B; ZANDER, U
作者单位：Stockholm School of Economics
摘要：How should we understand why firms exist? A prevailing view has been that they serve to keep in check the transaction costs arising from the self-interested motivations of individuals. We develop in this article the argument that what firms do better than markets is the sharing and transfer of the knowledge of individuals and groups within an organization. This knowledge consists of information (e.g., who knows what) and of know-how (e.g., how to organize a research team). What is central to o...
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作者：ANCONA, DG; CALDWELL, DF
作者单位：Santa Clara University
摘要：The increasing reliance on teams in organizations raises the question of how these teams should be formed. Should they be formed completely of engineers or should they include a range of specialists? Should they be made up to people who have long tenure in the organization, or those with a wide range of experience? As teams increasingly get called upon to do more complex tasks and to cross functional boundaries within the organization, conventional wisdom has suggested that teams be composed o...
