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作者：Watson, Tara
作者单位：Williams College; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Chilling effects are a popular explanation for low program take-up rates among immigrants, but the effects of an icy policy climate are inherently hard to measure. This paper finds robust evidence that heightened federal immigration enforcement reduces Medicaid participation among children of noncitizens, even when children are themselves citizens. The decline in immigrant Medicaid participation around the time of welfare reform is largely explained by a contemporaneous spike in enforcement ac...
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作者：Cellini, Stephanie Riegg; Goldin, Claudia
作者单位：George Washington University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We provide the first comprehensive estimates of the size of the for-profit higher education sector and evaluate whether for-profits increase tuition in response to federal subsidies. By using state administrative data we include institutions that do not participate in federal student aid programs and are missed in official counts. Including these institutions doubles the number of for-profits and increases students by one-third compared with official counts. Aid-eligible institutions charge tu...
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作者：Lemoine, Derek; Traeger, Christian
作者单位：University of Arizona; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：We investigate the optimal policy response to the possibility of abrupt, irreversible shifts in system dynamics. The welfare cost of a tipping point emerges from the policymaker's response to altered system dynamics. Our policymaker also learns about a threshold's location by observing the system's response in each period. Simulations with a recursive, numerical climate-economy model show that tipping possibilities raise the optimal carbon tax more strongly over time. The resulting policy path...
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作者：Bento, Antonio; Kaffine, Daniel; Roth, Kevin; Zaragoza-Watkins, Matthew
作者单位：Cornell University; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：In transportation systems with unpriced congestion, allowing single-occupant low-emission vehicles in high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes to encourage their adoption exacerbates congestion costs for carpoolers. The resulting welfare effects of the policy are negative, with environmental benefits overwhelmingly dominated by the increased congestion costs. Exploiting the introduction of the Clean Air Vehicle Stickers policy in California with a regression discontinuity design, our results imply a...
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作者：Blonigen, Bruce A.; Oldenski, Lindsay; Sly, Nicholas
作者单位：University of Oregon; National Bureau of Economic Research; Georgetown University
摘要：Bilateral tax treaties (BTTs) are intended to promote foreign direct investment through double-taxation relief. Using BEA firm-level data, we find a positive effect of BTTs on FDI, which is larger for firms that use differentiated inputs. BTTs allow multinational firms to request assistance from treaty partners' governments if they have a grievance about how tax liabilities are determined. These provisions disproportionately benefit firms that use inputs for which an arm's-length price is diff...
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作者：DeAngelo, Gregory; Hansen, Benjamin
作者单位：Texas Tech University System; Texas Tech University; University of Oregon
摘要：Simultaneity complicates the estimation of the causal effect of police on crime. We overcome this obstacle by focusing on a mass layoff of Oregon State Police in February of 2003. Due solely to budget cuts, 35 percent of the roadway troopers were laid off, which dramatically reduced citations. The subsequent decrease in enforcement is associated with a significant increase in injuries and fatalities. The effects are similar using control groups chosen either geographically or through data-driv...
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作者：Li, Shanjun; Linn, Joshua; Muehlegger, Erich
作者单位：Cornell University; Resources for the Future; University of California System; University of California Davis; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Gasoline taxes can be employed to correct externalities from automobile use and to raise government revenue. Our understanding of the optimal gasoline tax and the efficacy of existing taxes is largely based on empirical analysis of consumer responses to gasoline price changes. In this paper, we examine directly how gasoline taxes affect gasoline consumption as distinct from tax-inclusive retail gasoline prices. We find robust evidence that consumers respond more strongly to gasoline tax change...
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作者：Johannesen, Niels; Zucman, Gabriel
作者单位：University of Copenhagen; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：During the financial crisis, G20 countries compelled tax havens to sign bilateral treaties providing for exchange of bank information. Policymakers have celebrated this global initiative as the end of bank secrecy. Exploiting a unique panel dataset, our study is the first attempt to assess how the treaties affected bank deposits in tax havens. Rather than repatriating funds, our results suggest that tax evaders shifted deposits to havens not covered by a treaty with their home country. The cra...
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作者：Ashenfelter, Orley C.; Hosken, Daniel S.; Weinberg, Matthew C.
作者单位：Princeton University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Drexel University
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作者：Borghans, Lex; Gielen, Anne C.; Luttmer, Erzo F. P.
作者单位：Maastricht University; Maastricht University; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam; IZA Institute Labor Economics; Dartmouth College
摘要：We exploit a cohort discontinuity in the stringency of Dutch disability reforms to estimate the effects of decreased DI (disability insurance) generosity on behavior of existing recipients. We find evidence of social support substitution: individuals on average offset (sic)1.00 of lost DI benefits by collecting (sic)0.30 more from other social assistance programs, but this benefit-substitution effect declines over time. Individuals also exhibit a rebound in earnings: earnings increase by (sic)...
