作者：Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
作者：University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
作者：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; Tufts University
摘要：By the end of the Civil War 186,017 black men had served in the Union Army, roughly three-quarters of whom were former slaves. Because most black soldiers were illiterate farm workers, the war exposed them to a much broader world. Their wartime experience depended upon their peers, their commanding officers, and where their regiment toured and affected their later life outcomes. In the short run the combat units benefited from company homogeneity, which built social capital and minimized shirk...
作者：Carnegie Mellon University
作者：California State University System; California State University Long Beach
摘要：The writing and allocation of French tax farm contracts changed dramatically after the Fronde (16.48-1653): they were gradually transformed from Small, competitively auctioned, units into a large cartel known as the Company of General Farms. Surprisingly, the crown's revenues increased. I present a transaction cost argument to explain the behavior of tax farm lease prices as tax farming changed during the seventeenth century. Cartelization of tax farms lowered costs faced by the crown. The tax...
