4期

最新文章

• The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain, 1700-1850. AI翻译
  作者：George Mason University
• Cotton and Race in the Making of America: The Human Costs of Economic Power. AI翻译
  作者：University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
• Accounting for the Traffic in Africans: Transport Costs on Slaving Voyages AI翻译
  作者：Emory University; Queens University - Canada
  摘要：Relying mainly on the manuscript records of the Royal African Company, we explore the factors that contributed to the large gap between slave prices in Africa and the Caribbean. Twenty-two voyages from the mid-1680s are analyzed. These were conducted with hired ships and the payments to the shipowners and captains were recorded. In addition to transport costs, mortality and morbidity had a big effect on slave prices; while the earnings from the trade in gold and ivory had a moderating influenc...
• Arms, Economics, and British Strategy: From Dreadnoughts to Hydrogen Bombs. AI翻译
  作者：University of North Carolina; Appalachian State University
• The Sustainable Debts of Philip II: A Reconstruction of Castile's Fiscal Position, 1566-1596 AI翻译
  作者：University of British Columbia; Pompeu Fabra University
  摘要：The defaults of Philip II have attained mythical status as the origin of sovereign debt crises. We reassess the fiscal position of Habsburg Castile, deriving comprehensive estimates of revenue, debt, and expenditure from new archival data. The king's debts were sustainable. Primary surpluses were large and rising. Debt-to-revenue ratios remained broadly unchanged during Philip's reign. Castilian finances in the sixteenth century compare favorably with those of other early modern fiscal states ...
• Do Patent Pools Encourage Innovation? Evidence from the Nineteenth-Century Sewing Machine Industry AI翻译
  作者：DePaul University; Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research
  摘要：Members of a patent pool agree to use a set of patents as if they were jointly owned by all members and license them as a package to other firms. This article uses the example of the first patent pool in U. S. history, the Sewing Machine Combination (1856-1877) to perform the first empirical test of the effects of a patent pool on innovation. Contrary to theoretical predictions, the sewing machine pool appears to have discouraged patenting and innovation, in particular for the members of the p...
• Corrupt Circles: A History of Unbound Graft in Peru. AI翻译
  作者：University of Vermont
• The Transfer of Patents in Imperial Germany AI翻译
  作者：University of Cologne
  摘要：We describe the transfer of patents in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Germany using a new database containing information on 20,000 transactions. The number of transactions shows an upward trend, in total numbers and as a share of patents in force. About 8 percent of patents were transferred at least once during their existence. Many transactions involved the transfer of patents with an above-average quality from individual inventors to firms and to newly created firms. In additi...
• Covered Farm Mortgage Bonds in the United States During the Late Nineteenth Century AI翻译
  作者：University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Greensboro