4期

最新文章

• The Bank of England: 1950s to 1979. AI翻译
  作者：European University Institute
• Depth to Bedrock and the Formation of the Manhattan Skyline, 1890-1915 AI翻译
  作者：Rutgers University System; Rutgers University Newark; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Fordham University
  摘要：New York City historiography holds that Manhattan developed two business centers-downtown and midtown because the bedrock is close to the surface at these locations, with a bedrock valley in between. This article is the first effort to measure the effect of depth to bedrock on construction costs and the location of skyscrapers. We find that while depth to bedrock had a modest effect on costs (up to 7 percent), it had relatively little influence on the location of skyscrapers.
• Did R&D Firms Used to Patent? Evidence from the First Innovation Surveys AI翻译
  作者：Harvard University
  摘要：Matching 2,777 R&D firms in surveys conducted by the National Research Council between 1921 and 1938 with U.S. patents reveals that 59 percent of all firms and 88 percent of publicly traded firms patented. These shares are much higher than those observed for modern R&D firms. Industry, firm size and the location of R&D facilities relative to major cities are shown to be important determinants of the propensity to patent. The effect of these factors remained constant across the 1920s and the De...
• Founding Choices: American Economic Policy in the 1790s. AI翻译
  作者：Carnegie Mellon University; National Bureau of Economic Research
• The Market for Bank Stocks and the Rise of Deposit Banking in New York City, 1866-1897 AI翻译
  作者：Vanderbilt University; National Bureau of Economic Research
  摘要：The rapid growth of deposits in New York over the late nineteenth century is often attributed to the release of pent-up demand for transactions services. I advance a complementary explanation that emphasizes the market for bank shares. The stock market was important because it generated quotations that signaled depositors about the condition of individual banks as innovations in banking practices allowed confidence to grow. A new database of prices, dividends, and balance sheet items for trade...
• Making Consumers Comfortable: The Early Decades of Air Conditioning in the United States AI翻译
  作者：Michigan State University
  摘要：During the air conditioner industry's first four decades, most installations were commercial comfort air conditioning systems, purchased by retailers to increase demand for their products. Air conditioning spread unevenly through the commercial sector and across the country. Using data from a variety of sources, I offer a quantitative account of this diffusion, viewed through an interpretive framework that emphasizes differences across geographic markets and industries in the costs and benefit...
• Overseas Trade and the Decline of Privateering (vol 71, pg 730, 2011) AI翻译
  作者：Hillmann, Henning; Gathmann, Christina
• The English Wool Market, c.1230-1327. AI翻译
  作者：University of East Anglia
• Clash of Extremes: The Economic Origins of the Civil War. AI翻译
  作者：University of California System; University of California Riverside
• Catching-Up and Falling Behind: Knowledge Spillover from American to German Machine Toolmakers AI翻译
  作者：University Hohenheim
  摘要：Today, German machine toolmakers accuse their Chinese competitors of violating patent rights and imitating German technology. A century ago, German machine toolmakers used the same methods to imitate American technology. To understand the dynamics of this catching-up process, we use patent statistics to analyze firms' activities between 1877 and 1932. We show that German firms deployed imitating strategies in the late nineteenth century and the 1920s to catch-up to their American competitors. ...