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作者：Rutgers University System; Rutgers University Newark; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Fordham University
摘要：New York City historiography holds that Manhattan developed two business centers-downtown and midtown because the bedrock is close to the surface at these locations, with a bedrock valley in between. This article is the first effort to measure the effect of depth to bedrock on construction costs and the location of skyscrapers. We find that while depth to bedrock had a modest effect on costs (up to 7 percent), it had relatively little influence on the location of skyscrapers.
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作者：Harvard University
摘要：Matching 2,777 R&D firms in surveys conducted by the National Research Council between 1921 and 1938 with U.S. patents reveals that 59 percent of all firms and 88 percent of publicly traded firms patented. These shares are much higher than those observed for modern R&D firms. Industry, firm size and the location of R&D facilities relative to major cities are shown to be important determinants of the propensity to patent. The effect of these factors remained constant across the 1920s and the De...
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作者：Burnette, Joyce
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作者：Central Michigan University
摘要：While economists predicted a return to double-digit unemployment rates during the reconversion from World War II, this outcome did not materialize. This article explores the role that the significant rise in net exports-which accounted for nearly 4 percent of GDP in 1946 and 1947-played in helping the United States avoid a postwar unemployment problem. Using an input-output analysis, we find that the export surplus directly accounted for 1.33 million jobs in 1946 and 1.97 million jobs in 1947....
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作者：Yale University; University Hohenheim
摘要：The Knappschaft was a mutual association through which German miners insured themselves against accident, illness, and old age. The Knappschaft underlies Bismarck's sickness and accident insurance legislation, and thus Germany's system today. This article focuses on moral hazard, which plagued the Knappschaften in the later nineteenth century. Sick pay made it attractive for miners to feign illness that made them unable to work. We outline the moral hazard problem the Knappschaften faced as we...
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作者：University of Rochester
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作者：Carnegie Mellon University; National Bureau of Economic Research
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作者：Vanderbilt University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The rapid growth of deposits in New York over the late nineteenth century is often attributed to the release of pent-up demand for transactions services. I advance a complementary explanation that emphasizes the market for bank shares. The stock market was important because it generated quotations that signaled depositors about the condition of individual banks as innovations in banking practices allowed confidence to grow. A new database of prices, dividends, and balance sheet items for trade...
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作者：Yale University; National Bureau of Economic Research
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作者：University of California System; University of California Berkeley
