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作者：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Harvard University; Harvard University
摘要：We study the initial expansion of public schooling across Brazilian states (1889-1930) and develop an alternative explanation of how colonial institutions may affect the provision of public goods in the long run. We find that states that exported commodities undergoing international booms, between 1889 and 1930, had significantly larger export tax revenues and could spend more on education, while other states lagged behind. Yet, such positive effect of commodity booms on education expenditures...
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作者：Yale University
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作者：University of Vermont
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作者：Leibniz Association; Institut fur Weltwirtschaft an der Universitat Kiel (IFW)
摘要：This article studies the employment effects of one of the largest forced population movements in history, the influx of millions of German expellees to West Germany after World War II. This episode of forced mass migration provides a unique setting to study the causal effects of immigration. Expellees were not selected on the basis of skills or labor market prospects and, as ethnic Germans, were close substitutes to native West Germans. Expellee inflows substantially reduced native employment....
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作者：Vanderbilt University; Colgate University
摘要：Studies have shown a connection between finance and growth, but most do not consider how financial and real factors interact to put a virtuous cycle of economic development into motion. As the main transportation advance of the nineteenth century, railroads connected established commercial centers and made unsettled areas along their routes better candidates for development. We measure the strength of links between railroads and banks in seven Midwest states using an annual transportation geog...
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作者：Gabel, David
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作者：George Mason University
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作者：University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore County
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作者：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：By analyzing a newly compiled data set of interest rates on public annuities in early modern Italy, this article finds that the cost of borrowing fell in spite of growing debts and stagnating fiscal revenues. Feudalism and clerical interference increased the cost of borrowing, while parliaments, wars, and centralized fiscal institutions mattered little. The constitutional representation of creditors may have meant significant markups for republican oligarchs. These results cast doubts on the c...
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作者：University of Pennsylvania
