作者：Harvard University
摘要：Recent research indicates the joint stock form was not a superior type of business organization in many countries historically. In Japan. however, its role was more pervasive. From 1896 to 1939 joint stock enterprises accounted for 44 percent of registered businesses and 80 percent of total capital. From 1922 to 1939 these enterprises outperformed other forms and generated 94 percent of aggregate profits. External finance factors, Japan's development phase, industrial structure, public policy,...
作者：University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver
作者：Federal Reserve System - USA
作者：State University System of Florida; Florida State University
作者：University of Toronto
摘要：To what extent do rising income levels explain the decline in adult mortality rates experienced in the United States a centuay ago? I explore this question by investigating the income effect of the country's first wide-scale entitlement program: the Union Army pensions. Documenting that Republican Congressional candidates boosted pensions to secure votes, I exploit exogenous increases in income stemming from patronage politics to estimate the semi-elasticity of disease onset with respect to pe...
