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作者：Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Beliefs shape the choices of institutions. Beliefs are generally stable, but shocks that cause sufficiently unexpected economic and political outcomes make beliefs malleable. Within these windows of opportunity, leadership can play a role in shaping a new belief among the dominant organizations that in turn generates new institutions and over time a possible transition to a new developmental trajectory.
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作者：Amherst College
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作者：State University System of Florida; Florida International University
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作者：Yale University; Brown University
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作者：Wellesley College; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This article presents a critical survey of ten books from the history of capitalism, a newly emerging subfield of history. At their best, the books offer provocative insights and vivid descriptions of some of the darker episodes of our economic past. Yet specious arguments and failures of analytical reasoning sometimes undermine these books' effectiveness as social criticism. I highlight insights from the field of economic history that would strengthen the work of historians of capitalism. I a...
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作者：Kanagawa University
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作者：University of Vermont
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作者：Shanghai University of Finance & Economics
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作者：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：I analyze the adult age at death of 115,650 European nobles from 800 to 1800. Longevity began increasing long before 1800 and the Industrial Revolution, with marked increases around 1400 and again around 1650. Declines in violent deaths from battle contributed to some of this increase, but the majority must reflect other changes in individual behavior. There are historic spatial contours to European elite mortality; Northwest Europe achieved greater adult lifespans than the rest of Europe even...
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作者：Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
