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作者：Cassan, Guilhem; Iyer, Lakshmi; Mirza, Rinchan Ali
作者单位：University of Namur; University of Notre Dame; University of Kent
摘要：We examine how political participation and political competition are shaped by two class-based extensions of the franchise in twentieth-century India. Creating a new dataset of district-level political outcomes between 1920 and 1957, we find that both the partial franchise extension of 1935 and the universal suffrage reform of 1950 led to limited increases in citizen participation as voters or candidates, and neither reform had a significant effect on increasing political competition. Despite ...
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作者：Wigton-Jones, Evan
作者单位：Husson University
摘要：This research shows that droughts are robustly associated with city-level unrest in Europe over the years 900 to 1800 ce. This relationship is non-linear, with disproportionately greater increases in the probability of a conflict among droughts in the upper tail of the severity distribution. Elected city governments are relatively immune to drought-induced conflict, while those based on representation by burghers or guilds are not. These results suggest that local governments are key to mainta...
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作者：Spitzer, Yannay; Tortorici, Gaspare; Zimran, Ariell
作者单位：Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; University of Luxembourg; Vanderbilt University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The Messina-Reggio Calabria Earthquake (1908) was one of the most devastating natural disasters in modern European history. It occurred when overseas mass emigration from southern Italy was at its peak and international borders were open, making emigration a readily available option for relief. We find that the earthquake had no large positive impact on emigration on average. There were, however, heterogeneous responses, with a more positive effect where agricultural day laborers comprised a l...
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作者：Bengtsson, Erik; Molinder, Jakob
作者单位：Lund University; Uppsala University
摘要：We use individual-level income data from archived taxation lists to study top-income earners in Sweden from 1909 to 1950. Using information on 21,055 individual taxpayers in two elite areas in greater Stockholm, we show that top incomes fell in real terms over this period, at a stable pace without obvious connection to the Great Depression or the world wars. The peak of inequality was related to the early stages of a globalized economy with Schumpeterian entrepreneurial profits; the decline wa...
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作者：Palsson, Craig
作者单位：Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University
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作者：Suesse, Marvin; Grigoriadis, Theocharis
作者单位：Trinity College Dublin; Free University of Berlin
摘要：Gerschenkron (1962) argued that public institutions such as the State Bank of the Russian Empire spurred the country's industrialization. We test this assertion by exploiting plant-level variation in access to State Bank branches using a unique geocoded factory data set. Employing an identification strategy based on geographical distances between banks and factories, our results show improved access to public banking encouraged faster growth in factory-level revenue, mechanization, and labor p...
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作者：Robles-Baez, Christian; Medina, Luis Fernando; Bucheli, Marcelo
作者单位：Stanford University; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development (OECD); University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
摘要：We inquire how a commodity cartel is created by studying the negotiations between Colombia and Brazil to stabilize the international coffee market in the 1930s. We show how differences among actors involved in the industry within the negotiating countries in terms of land ownership and type of coffee produced, prevented early cartelization agreements. Cartelization was only achieved when four factors converged: financial and infrastructural capability to store excess production, in-depth knowl...
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作者：Arthi, Vellore
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Irvine
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作者：Panizza, Ugo
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作者：Cage, Julia; Dewitte, Edgard
作者单位：Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; University of Oxford
摘要：We study electoral campaigns over the long run, through the lens of their spending. We build a novel, exhaustive dataset on U.K. general elections from 1857 to 2017. We provide quantitative insights on the history of campaigns, including the shift away from paid staff toward advertising. We then show that the correlation between candidate spending and votes has strongly increased since the 1880s, peaking in the last quarter of the twentieth century. We link this pattern to the introduction of ...
