VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS TO IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY: SYMBOLIC AND SUBSTANTIVE COOPERATION

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Delmas, Magali A.; Montes-Sancho, Maria J.
• 署名单位: University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
• 刊物名称: STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT JOURNAL
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0143-2095
• DOI: 10.1002/smj.826
• 发表日期: 2010
• 页码: 575-601
• 关键词: collective action; INSTITUTIONAL THEORY; environmental voluntary agreements; Political strategies; nonmarket strategy; climate change

摘要

Within the context of environmental voluntary agreements (VAs), this paper analyzes the determinants of the degree of participation by firms in collective corporate political strategies that aim to shape government policy. We demonstrate that substantive cooperative strategies are more likely to be pursued by firms that enter a VA close to its initiation, while symbolic cooperation is more likely behavior by late joiners. We show that late joiners and early joiners within VAs adopt different cooperative strategies because they face different institutional pressures. Our analysis is based on the strategies of firms participating in the Climate Challenge program (1995-2000) established by the U.S. Department of Energy and representatives of the national electric utilities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Our results show that early joiners were subjected to higher levels of political pressure at the state level and were more dependent on local and federal regulatory agencies than late joiners were. Early joiners were also better connected to the trade association and more visible. Late joiners had undertaken significantly less investment in environmental improvements than early joiners. Our paper also illustrates the difficulty involved in using VAs to try to induce improved environmental outcomes when there are no sanctioning mechanisms. Although early entrants reduced their emissions more than nonparticipants, our results show no significant difference overall between participants and nonparticipants in the reduction of their emissions. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.