On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness

• 成果类型: Review
• 署名作者: Gelfand, Michele J.; Nishii, Lisa H.; Raver, Jana L.
• 署名单位: University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Cornell University; Queens University - Canada
• 刊物名称: JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0021-9010
• DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1225
• 发表日期: 2006
• 页码: 1225-1244
• 关键词: culture; NORMS; Tightness-looseness; multilevel theorizing; ORGANIZATIONS

摘要

Cross-cultural research is dominated by the use of values despite their mixed empirical support and their limited theoretical scope. This article expands the dominant paradigm in cross-cultural research by developing a theory of cultural tightness-looseness (the strength of social norms and the degree of sanctioning within societies) and by advancing a multilevel research agenda for future research. Through an exploration of the top-down, bottom-up, and moderating impact that cultural tightness-looseness has on individuals and organizations, as well as on variance at multiple levels of analysis, the theory provides a new and complementary perspective to the values approach.