General Equilibrium Effects of (Improving) Public Employment Programs: Experimental Evidence From India

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Muralidharan, Karthik; Niehaus, Paul; Sukhtankar, Sandip
• 署名单位: University of California System; University of California San Diego; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Virginia
• 刊物名称: ECONOMETRICA
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0012-9682
• DOI: 10.3982/ECTA18181
• 发表日期: 2023
• 页码: 1261-1295
• 关键词: minimum-wages; labor-markets; monopsony; PRODUCTIVITY; CORRUPTION; migration; impacts; ECONOMY; food

摘要

Public employment programs may affect poverty both directly through the income they provide and indirectly through general equilibrium effects. We estimate both effects, exploiting a reform that improved the implementation of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) and whose rollout was randomized at a large (sub-district) scale. The reform raised beneficiary households' earnings by 14%, and reduced poverty by 26%. Importantly, 86% of income gains came from non-program earnings, driven by higher private-sector (real) wages and employment. This pattern appears to reflect imperfectly competitive labor markets more than productivity gains: worker's reservation wages increased, land returns fell, and employment gains were higher in villages with more concentrated landholdings. Non-agricultural enterprise counts and employment grew rapidly despite higher wages, consistent with a role for local demand in structural transformation. These results suggest that public employment programs can effectively reduce poverty in developing countries, and may also improve economic efficiency.