Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Kleven, Henrik; Landais, Camille; Sogaard, Jakob Egholt
• 署名单位: Princeton University; Princeton University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; University of Copenhagen
• 刊物名称: AMERICAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL-APPLIED ECONOMICS
• ISSN/ISSBN: 1945-7782
• DOI: 10.1257/app.20180010
• 发表日期: 2019
• 页码: 181-209
• 关键词: motherhood; gap; earnings; CONSEQUENCES; parenthood; EVOLUTION; american; women

摘要

Using Danish administrative data, we study the impacts of children on gender inequality in the labor market. The arrival of children creates a long-run gender gap in earnings of around 20 percent driven by hours worked, participation, and wage rates. We identify mechanisms driving these child penalties in terms of occupation, sector, and firm choices. We find that the fraction of gender inequality caused by child penalties has featured a dramatic increase over the last three to four decades. Finally, we show that child penalties are transmitted through generations, from parents to daughters, suggesting an influence of childhood environment on gender identity.