Long- term exposure to wildland fire smoke PM2.5 and mortality in the contiguous United States

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Ma, Yiqun; Zang, Emma; Liu, Yang; Wei, Jing; Lu, Yuan; Krumholz, Harlan M.; Bell, Michelle L.; Chen, Kai
• 署名单位: Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Emory University; Rollins School Public Health; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University
• 刊物名称: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0027-11337
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403960121
• 发表日期: 2024-10-01
• 关键词: health impacts; particulate matter; wildfire; pollution; TRENDS; RISK

摘要

Despite the substantial evidence on the health effects of short- term exposure to ambient fine particles (PM2.5), including increasing studies focusing on those from wildland fire smoke, the impacts of long- term wildland fire smoke PM 2.5 exposure remain unclear. We investigated the association between long- term exposure to wildland fire smoke PM 2.5 and nonaccidental mortality and mortality from a wide range of specific causes in all 3,108 counties in the contiguous United States, 2007 to 2020. Controlling for nonsmoke PM2.5, air temperature, and unmeasured spatial and temporal confounders, we found a nonlinear association between 12-mo moving average concentration of smoke PM 2.5 and monthly nonaccidental mortality rate. Relative to a month with the long- term smoke PM 2.5 exposure below 0.1 mu g/m 3 , nonaccidental mortality increased by 0.16 to 0.63 and 2.11 deaths per 100,000 people per month when the 12-mo moving average of PM 2.5 concentration was of 0.1 to 5 and 5+ mu g/m 3 , respectively. Cardiovascular, ischemic heart disease, digestive, endocrine, diabetes, mental, and chronic kidney disease mortality were all found to be associated with long- term wildland fire smoke PM 2.5 exposure. Smoke PM 2.5 contributed to approximately 11,415 nonaccidental deaths/y (95% CI: 6,754, 16,075) in the contiguous United States. Higher smoke PM 2.5- related increases in mortality rates were found for people aged 65 and above. Positive interaction effects with extreme heat were also observed. Our study identified the detrimental effects of long- term exposure to wildland fire smoke PM 2.5 on a wide range of mortality outcomes, underscoring the need for public health actions and communications that span the health risks of both short- and long- term exposure.