Microlensing events indicate that super-Earth exoplanets are common in Jupiter-like orbits

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Zang, Weicheng; Jung, Youn Kil; Yee, Jennifer C.; Hwang, Kyu-Ha; Yang, Hongjing; Udalski, Andrzej; Sumi, Takahiro; Gould, Andrew; Mao, Shude; Albrow, Michael D.; Chung, Sun-Ju; Han, Cheongho; Ryu, Yoon-Hyun; Shin, In-Gu; Shvartzvald, Yossi; Cha, Sang-Mok; Kim, Dong-Jin; Kim, Hyoun-Woo; Kim, Seung-Lee; Lee, Chung-Uk; Lee, Dong-Joo; Lee, Yongseok; Park, Byeong-Gon; Pogge, Richard W.; Zhang, Xiangyu; Kuang, Renkun; Wang, Hanyue; Zhang, Jiyuan; Hu, Zhecheng; Zhu, Wei; Mroz, Przemek; Skowron, Jan; Poleski, Radoslaw; Szymanski, Michal K.; Soszynski, Igor; Pietrukowicz, Pawel; Kozlowski, Szymon; Ulaczyk, Krzysztof; Rybicki, Krzysztof A.; Iwanek, Patryk; Wrona, Marcin; Gromadzki, Mariusz; Abe, Fumio; Barry, Richard; Bennett, David P.; Bhattacharya, Aparna; Bond, Ian A.; Fujii, Hirosane; Fukui, Akihiko; Hamada, Ryusei; Hirao, Yuki; Silva, Stela Ishitani; Itow, Yoshitaka; Kirikawa, Rintaro; Koshimoto, Naoki; Matsubara, Yutaka; Miyazaki, Shota; Muraki, Yasushi; Olmschenk, Greg; Ranc, Clement; Rattenbury, Nicholas J.; Satoh, Yuki; Suzuki, Daisuke; Tomoyoshi, Mio; Tristram, Paul J.; Vandorou, Aikaterini; Yama, Hibiki; Yamashita, Kansuke
• 署名单位: Tsinghua University; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Institution; Westlake University; University of Warsaw; University of Osaka; Max Planck Society; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of Canterbury; Chungbuk National University; Weizmann Institute of Science; Kyung Hee University; Korea Astronomy & Space Science Institute (KASI); University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; Tsinghua University; Harvard University; University of Warwick; Villanova University; Nagoya University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Massey University; University of Osaka; University of Tokyo; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias; University of Tokyo; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Auckland; Kanto Gakuin University; University of Canterbury
• 刊物名称: SCIENCE
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0036-11955
• DOI: 10.1126/science.adn6088
• 发表日期: 2025-04-25
• 页码: 400-404
• 关键词: gravitational lensing experiment; planetary anomaly search; complete sample; deterministic model; giant planets; mass planet; kmtnet; systems; magnification; frequency

摘要

Exoplanets classified as super-Earths are commonly observed on short-period orbits, close to their host stars, but their abundance on wider orbits is poorly constrained. Gravitational microlensing is sensitive to exoplanets on wide orbits. We observed the microlensing event OGLE-2016-BLG-0007, which indicates an exoplanet with a planet-to-star mass ratio roughly double the Earth-Sun mass ratio, on an orbit longer than Saturn's. We combined this event with a larger sample from a microlensing survey to determine the distribution of mass ratios for planets on wide orbits. We infer that there are similar to 0.35 super-Earth planets per star on Jupiter-like orbits. The observations are most consistent with a bimodal distribution, with separate peaks for super-Earths and gas giants. We suggest that this reflects differences in their formation processes.