A molecular and cellular perspective on human brain evolution and tempo
成果类型：
Review
署名作者：
Lindhout, Feline W.; Krienen, Fenna M.; Pollard, Katherine S.; Lancaster, Madeline A.
署名单位：
MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Princeton University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; The J David Gladstone Institutes; Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI); University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
刊物名称：
Nature
ISSN/ISSBN：
0028-4825
DOI：
10.1038/s41586-024-07521-x
发表日期：
2024-06-20
页码：
596-608
关键词：
human accelerated regions
gabaergic neurons
prefrontal cortex
telencephalic origin
dendritic morphology
cerebellar cortex
pyramidal neurons
macaque monkey
white-matter
neocortex
摘要：
The evolution of the modern human brain was accompanied by distinct molecular and cellular specializations, which underpin our diverse cognitive abilities but also increase our susceptibility to neurological diseases. These features, some specific to humans and others shared with related species, manifest during different stages of brain development. In this multi-stage process, neural stem cells proliferate to produce a large and diverse progenitor pool, giving rise to excitatory or inhibitory neurons that integrate into circuits during further maturation. This process unfolds over varying time scales across species and has progressively become slower in the human lineage, with differences in tempo correlating with differences in brain size, cell number and diversity, and connectivity. Here we introduce the terms 'bradychrony' and 'tachycrony' to describe slowed and accelerated developmental tempos, respectively. We review how recent technical advances across disciplines, including advanced engineering of in vitro models, functional comparative genetics and high-throughput single-cell profiling, are leading to a deeper understanding of how specializations of the human brain arise during bradychronic neurodevelopment. Emerging insights point to a central role for genetics, gene-regulatory networks, cellular innovations and developmental tempo, which together contribute to the establishment of human specializations during various stages of neurodevelopment and at different points in evolution. This Perspective views brain development in terms of developmental tempo along the human lineage and reviews the contributions of recent technical advances to our understanding of neurodevelopment.