Phages reconstitute NAD+ to counter bacterial immunity

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Osterman, Ilya; Samra, Hadar; Rousset, Francois; Loseva, Elena; Itkin, Maxim; Malitsky, Sergey; Yirmiya, Erez; Millman, Adi; Sorek, Rotem
• 署名单位: Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science
• 刊物名称: Nature
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0028-5019
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07986-w
• 发表日期: 2024-10-31
• 页码: 1160-1167
• 关键词: escherichia-coli; metabolism; regulator; domains; systems

摘要

Bacteria defend against phage infection through a variety of antiphage defence systems1. Many defence systems were recently shown to deplete cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) in response to infection, by cleaving NAD(+) into ADP-ribose (ADPR) and nicotinamide2-7. It was demonstrated that NAD+ depletion during infection deprives the phage of this essential molecule and impedes phage replication. Here we show that a substantial fraction of phages possess enzymatic pathways allowing reconstitution of NAD(+) from its degradation products in infected cells. We describe NAD+ reconstitution pathway 1 (NARP1), a two-step pathway in which one enzyme phosphorylates ADPR to generate ADPR pyrophosphate (ADPR-PP), and the second enzyme conjugates ADPR-PP and nicotinamide to generate NAD+. Phages encoding NARP1 can overcome a diverse set of defence systems, including Thoeris, DSR1, DSR2, SIR2-HerA and SEFIR, all of which deplete NAD+ as part of their defensive mechanism. Phylogenetic analyses show that NARP1 is primarily encoded on phage genomes, suggesting a phage-specific function in countering bacterial defences. A second pathway, NARP2, allows phages to overcome bacterial defences by building NAD+ using metabolites different from ADPR-PP. Our findings reveal a unique immune evasion strategy in which viruses rebuild molecules depleted by defence systems, thus overcoming host immunity.