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作者：Knittel, Christopher R.; Miller, Douglas L.; Sanders, Nicholas J.
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Davis; Cornell University
摘要：We investigate the effects of automobile congestion on ambient air pollution and local infant mortality rates using data from California spanning 2002 to 2007. Constructing instrumental variables (IV) using the relationship of traffic, weather conditions, and pollutants, we show that particulate matter, even at modern levels, has large marginal effects on weekly infant mortality rates, especially for premature or low birthweight infants. We also find suggestive evidence of large effects for ca...
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作者：Horrace, William C.; Rohlin, Shawn M.
作者单位：Syracuse University; University System of Ohio; Kent State University; Kent State University Salem; Kent State University Kent
摘要：Grogger and Ridgeway (2006) use the daylight saving time shift to develop a police racial profiling test that is based on differences in driver race visibility and (hence) the race distribution of traffic stops across daylight and darkness. However, urban environments may be well lit at night, eroding the power of their test. We refine their test using streetlight location data in Syracuse, New York, and the results change in the direction of finding profiling of black drivers. Our preferred s...
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作者：Cashin, David; Unayama, Takashi
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve System Board of Governors; Hitotsubashi University
摘要：We estimate the intertemporal elasticity of substitution in consumption (IES) using a preannounced increase in Japan's consumption tax rate. Because this tax is highly comprehensive, the rate increase was announced prior to its implementation, and because other factors that affect the real interest rate were constant, the tax rate increase presents an ideal natural experiment to estimate the IES. A Japanese monthly household survey is exploited to accurately categorize nondurables, and our emp...
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作者：Freedman, Matthew; Owens, Emily G.
作者单位：Drexel University; University of Pennsylvania
摘要：We exploit a sudden shock to demand for a subset of low-wage workers generated by the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) program in San Antonio, Texas, to identify the effects of localized economic development on crime. We use a difference-in-differences methodology that takes advantage of variation in BRAC's impact over time and across neighborhoods. We find that appropriative criminal behavior increases in neighborhoods where a fraction of residents experienced increases in earnings. T...
