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作者：Caum-Julio, Jordi
作者单位：University of Barcelona
摘要：This paper uses a novel georeferenced cross-sectional dataset to explore which factors influenced the funding of hospitals and dispensaries in colonial India, emphasizing land tenure systems as a cause of regional variation. Where land was owned by cultivators, healthcare facilities received more resources from local public bodies and were better funded compared to regions where land was owned by landlords. In contrast, in landlord regions they received more private donations and subscriptions...
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作者：Broadberry, Stephen; Wallis, John Joseph
作者单位：University of Oxford; University of Maryland College Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
摘要：Although long-run economic performance has improved primarily through a decline in the rate and frequency of shrinking rather than through an increase in the rate of growing, most analysis of economic development has focused on increasing the rate of growing. We examine the forces making for a reduction in the rate of shrinking. The main proximate factors considered are (1) structural change, (2) technological change, (3) demographic change, and (4) stabilization policy. We conclude by conside...
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作者：[Anonymous]
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作者：Cassan, Guilhem; Iyer, Lakshmi; Mirza, Rinchan Ali
作者单位：University of Namur; University of Notre Dame; University of Kent
摘要：We examine how political participation and political competition are shaped by two class-based extensions of the franchise in twentieth-century India. Creating a new dataset of district-level political outcomes between 1920 and 1957, we find that both the partial franchise extension of 1935 and the universal suffrage reform of 1950 led to limited increases in citizen participation as voters or candidates, and neither reform had a significant effect on increasing political competition. Despite ...
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作者：Moore, Lyndon; Verdickt, Gertjan
作者单位：Monash University; University of Auckland
摘要：The Reconstruction Finance Corporation and Public Works Administration loaned 50 U.S. railroads over $1.1 billion between 1932 and 1939. The government's goal was to increase employment and decrease the likelihood of bond defaults. Bailouts appear to have had little effect on employment, but we estimate that they did increase the average wage of railroad employees. Bailouts are estimated to have reduced firm debt, but did not significantly impact bond default. We find some evidence that manufa...
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作者：Wigton-Jones, Evan
作者单位：Husson University
摘要：This research shows that droughts are robustly associated with city-level unrest in Europe over the years 900 to 1800 ce. This relationship is non-linear, with disproportionately greater increases in the probability of a conflict among droughts in the upper tail of the severity distribution. Elected city governments are relatively immune to drought-induced conflict, while those based on representation by burghers or guilds are not. These results suggest that local governments are key to mainta...
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作者：Spitzer, Yannay; Tortorici, Gaspare; Zimran, Ariell
作者单位：Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; University of Luxembourg; Vanderbilt University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The Messina-Reggio Calabria Earthquake (1908) was one of the most devastating natural disasters in modern European history. It occurred when overseas mass emigration from southern Italy was at its peak and international borders were open, making emigration a readily available option for relief. We find that the earthquake had no large positive impact on emigration on average. There were, however, heterogeneous responses, with a more positive effect where agricultural day laborers comprised a l...
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作者：Bengtsson, Erik; Molinder, Jakob
作者单位：Lund University; Uppsala University
摘要：We use individual-level income data from archived taxation lists to study top-income earners in Sweden from 1909 to 1950. Using information on 21,055 individual taxpayers in two elite areas in greater Stockholm, we show that top incomes fell in real terms over this period, at a stable pace without obvious connection to the Great Depression or the world wars. The peak of inequality was related to the early stages of a globalized economy with Schumpeterian entrepreneurial profits; the decline wa...
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作者：Palsson, Craig
作者单位：Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University
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作者：Cage, Julia; Dewitte, Edgard
