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作者:McGill University; Queens University - Canada; Trinity College Dublin
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作者:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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作者:Santa Clara University; Claremont Colleges; Claremont Graduate University; Claremont McKenna College
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作者:Universite de Lorraine
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作者:Northwestern University
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作者:University of Mannheim
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作者:Suzuki, M
摘要:Opposition to Japanese immigration led to Alien Land Laws that barred Japanese immigrants from buying or leasing farmland. Although there is general agreement that the 1913 California Alien Land Law had little impact, historians and social scientists have differed over the effectiveness of the 1920 initiative, which closed loopholes in the earlier law. Census data show a decline in Japanese American agriculture over the short and long run, which cannot be fully explained by the agricultural do...
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作者:University of California System; University of California Davis
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作者:Claremont Colleges; Scripps College; Claremont Colleges; Claremont Graduate University; Claremont McKenna College
摘要:In April 1906 the San Francisco earthquake and fire caused damage equal to more than I percent of GNP. Although the real effect of this shock was localized, it had an international financial impact: large amounts of gold flowed into the country in autumn 1906 as foreign insurers paid claims on their San Francisco policies out of home funds. This outflow prompted the Bank of England to discriminate against American finance bills and, along with other European central banks, to raise interest ra...
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作者:Higgs, R
摘要:During World War II, the U.S. government displaced private investors. According to NIPA data for the period 1942-1945, net private investment was negative $6.2 billion, and net government investment was positive $99.4 billion. Although economists have credited this government investment with various contributions to wartime and postwar economic growth, the bulk of it had little or no value beyond its immediate contribution to winning the war. This episode dramatically exposes a fundamental but...