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作者：Vanderbilt University; National Bureau of Economic Research
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作者：University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
摘要：Railroad development had a profound impact in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Brazil. Direct benefits were small for passengers, but large for freight services, and contributed heavily to the transition from stagnation to growth. Domestic-use activities received a differentially large stimulus. Estimates of the social rate of return reveal that Brazil did not overinvest in railroads. A different allocation of subsidies to railroad capital could have generated additional gains. Backward...
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作者：University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Northwestern University
摘要：We explore the dynamics of the agricultural ladder for black farmers in the U.S. South using individual-level data from a retrospective survey conducted in 1938 in Jefferson County, Arkansas. We develop and test hypotheses to explain the time spent as a tenant, sharecropper, and wage laborer. The most striking result of our analysis is the importance of individual characteristics in career mobility. In all periods-pre-World War I; the war years, and subsequent boom; the 1920s; and the Great De...
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作者：Harvard University
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作者：Colby College
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作者：London Metropolitan University
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作者：Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
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作者：Washington University (WUSTL)
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作者：University of Vermont; Washington University (WUSTL); National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：During the Progressive Era, advances in knowledge and specialization led to the emergence of modem-day professions. This growth in professions was accompanied by the adoption of occupational licensing regulation. In this article we explore the origins and effects of occupational licensing regulation during this period. Although most studies argue that occupational licensing regulation is adopted to restrict entry and reduce competition, the evidence from the Progressive Era suggests that regul...
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作者：University of Warwick
