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作者：Bogazici University; Bogazici University
摘要：This study provides, for the first time, an overview of the growth record of the Middle East since 1820 and inserts it into a comparative framework. GDP per capita estimates are offered for individual countries in the region for the benchmark years of 1913, 1870, and 1820. The Middle East began to participate in modem economic growth during the nineteenth century. Yet, per capita income differences with the high-income regions of the world widened considerably until World War I. In the twentie...
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作者：Carnegie Mellon University
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作者：University of Barcelona; University of Barcelona
摘要：This article reassesses the economic impact of Spanish railroads in 1850-1913, which has usually been considered to be substantially higher than in the most developed countries on the basis of the social saving methodology. The application of growth accounting techniques shows, by contrast, that the direct contribution of railroads to economic growth was lower in Spain than in the United Kingdom, mainly due to the low importance that railroad transport had within Spanish GDP before 1913.
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作者：Middlebury College; University of Portsmouth
摘要：This article examines key questions about the development of Pennsylvania's mid-nineteenth-century iron industry. The analysis is based on new data and exhaustive examination of previously underutilized sources within the framework of a geographic information system (GIS). Hypotheses are tested on the timing of adoption of mineral-fuel technologies across the state; the temporal relationships between investment in ironworks, business cycles, and tariff policy; the substitutability of different...
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作者：University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
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作者：University of California System; University of California Davis; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - San Francisco
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作者：City University of New York (CUNY) System; College of Staten Island (CUNY); City University of New York (CUNY) System
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作者：Vanderbilt University
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作者：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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作者：University of Hawaii System
