作者：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
作者：City St Georges, University of London; University of Buckingham
作者：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This article takes advantage of an exogenous shift towards patenting in chemicals to test whether patents contribute to the geographic diffusion of innovations. Data on U. S. innovations that were exhibited at four world fairs between 1851 and 1915 suggest that innovative activity became less localized after patenting rates increased. These changes cannot be explained by changes in the localization of chemical production or economy-wide changes in the localization of innovations.
作者：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
作者：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
作者：Amherst College
摘要：Until the 1790s marine insurance in the United States was organized by brokers and underwritten by private individuals. Beginning in 1792, however, the private underwriters had to compete with newly formed marine insurance corporations. Each organizational form had advantages and disadvantages. This article uses archival data from a private underwriter and a corporation to study how the competition between these different organizational forms was affected by a powerful exogenous shock which su...
