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作者：Klauber, Hannah; Holub, Felix; Koch, Nicolas; Pestel, Nico; Ritter, Nolan; Rohlf, Alexander
作者单位：Goethe University Frankfurt; Maastricht University; Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC)
摘要：We examine the persistence of the impact of early -life exposure to air pollution on children's health from birth to school enrollment using administrative public health insurance records covering one-third of all children in Germany. For identification , we exploit air quality improvements caused by Low Emission Zones , a policy imposing driving restrictions on emission -intensive vehicles. Our results indicate that children exposed to cleaner air in utero and their first year of life require...
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作者：Colas, Mark; Sachs, Dominik
作者单位：University of Oregon; University of St Gallen
摘要：Low -skilled immigrants indirectly affect public finances through their effect on resident wages and labor supply. We operationalize this indirect fiscal effect in a model of immigration and the labor market. We derive closed -form expressions for this effect in terms of estimable statistics. An empirical quantification for the United States reveals an indirect fiscal benefit for one average low -skilled immigrant of roughly $750 annually. The indirect fiscal benefit may outweigh the negative ...
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作者：Garcia-Miralles, Esteban; Leganza, Jonathan M.
作者单位：Banco de Espana; Clemson University
摘要：How does the provision of public pension benefits impact private savings? We answer this question in the context of a Danish reform that increased social security eligibility ages. Using administrative data and a regression discontinuity design , we identify the causal effects of the policy on savings throughout the financial portfolio. We find increases in contributions to personal and employer -sponsored retirement accounts when delayed benefit eligibility induces extended employment. We arg...
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作者：Godoy, Anna; Haaland, Venke f.; Huitfeldt, Ingrid; Votruba, Mark
作者单位：Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH); University of Oslo; University of Oslo; Universitetet i Stavanger; Statistics Norway; BI Norwegian Business School; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; MetroHealth System
摘要：Long waits for health care raise concerns about the consequences of delayed treatment. We use variation in queue congestion to estimate effects of wait time for orthopedic surgery. We do not find that longer wait times lead to increased health care utilization. However , we do find persistent reductions in labor supply: long waits increase medium to long-term work absences and permanent disability receipt. Effects are driven by individuals who are on sick leave at referral. Our results are con...
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作者：Kroft, Kory; Laliberte, Jean-William; Leal-Vizcaino, Rene; Notowidigdo, Matthew J.
作者单位：University of Toronto; University of Calgary; Colegio de Mexico; University of Chicago
摘要：We develop a theory of commodity taxation featuring imperfect competition along with love-of-variety preferences and endogenous firm entry and exit. We derive new formulas for the efficiency and pass-through of specific and ad valorem taxes. These formulas unify existing canonical ones and feature a new term capturing the effect of variety on consumer surplus. As a proof of concept, we use theoretical formulas to identify love-of-variety preferences in an empirical application. Our welfare ana...
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作者：Gilpin, Gregory; Karger, Ezra; Nencka, Peter
作者单位：Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Chicago; University System of Ohio; Miami University
摘要：Local governments spend over $12 billion annually funding the operation of 15,427 public libraries in the United States , yet we know little about their effects. We use data describing the near universe of public libraries to show that public library capital investment increases library visits , children's attendance at library events , and children's circulation by an average of 5-15 percent in the years following investment. Increases in library use translate into improved test scores in nea...
