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作者：Rao, V; Gupta, I; Lokshin, M; Jana, S
作者单位：The World Bank
摘要：Anecdotal evidence suggests that sex workers who use condoms face large income losses because clients have a preference for condom-free sex. This has important implications for AIDS policy. We estimate the compensating differential for condom use employing data from a random sample of sex workers in Calcutta. We rely on a natural experiment-the nonsystematic placement of sex workers in a safe sex information program-to identify the relationship between condom use and the price for sex. We find...
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作者：Yanikkaya, H
作者单位：Celal Bayar University
摘要：This paper demonstrates that trade liberalization does not have a simple and straightforward relationship with growth using a large number of openness measures for a cross section of countries over the last three decades. We use two groups of trade openness measures. The regression results for numerous trade intensity ratios are mostly consistent with the existing literature. However, contrary to the conventional view on the growth effects of trade barriers, our estimation results show that tr...
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作者：Michael, MS
作者单位：University of Cyprus
摘要：An important issue in public policy debates is the effect of international migration on welfare in source and host countries. We address this issue by constructing a general equilibrium model of a two-class source or host country. Each country produces many traded and non-traded goods, uses income taxes and distributes the tax receipts equally to all individuals. The analysis examines the effects of permanent migration on class, and national welfare. We show, among other things, that marginal ...
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作者：Park, A; Brandt, L; Giles, J
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Toronto; Michigan State University
摘要：We present a duopoly model of financial competition to describe the conditions under which competition leads to greater bank effort when repressed financial systems ration credit. The model features an entrant that freely sets its interest rate, and an incumbent that must charge a rate below that which is market clearing. Both players may exert costly effort to inform themselves about borrower types. Using data on rural financial institutions in China, we test empirically the effects of compet...
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作者：Svensson, J
作者单位：Stockholm University
摘要：This paper studies a simple reform that introduces ex post incentives for the donor to reward good policies-contrary to existing practices. Instead of committing aid to each recipient ex ante and making aid conditional on reform, the donor centralizes the disbursement decision by committing aid to a group of countries. The actual amount disbursed to each individual country would depend on its relative performance. This explicit linkage of the allocation and disbursement decisions has two impor...
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作者：Ren, LQ; Rangazas, P
作者单位：Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis; University of Chicago
摘要：This paper establishes the existence of multiple equilibria that help explain why some countries remain poor and diverge from the economic progress experienced by rich countries. Endogenous growth models cannot explain the negative correlation between work-lives and long-run growth rates. Extending growth models to explain this negative correlation leads to multiple equilibria; one with long work-lives and low rates of growth and another with short work-lives and high rates of growth. (C) 2002...
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作者：McCormick, B; Wahba, J
作者单位：University of Southampton
摘要：This paper develops the idea that wage premium jobs cause nearby agglomeration. We show that spatial mobility costs enable wage premiums to cause agglomeration, whereas previous studies crucially assume that wage premium jobs are allocated to favor nearby residents (Harris-Todaro (H-T)). This extends the idea to LDCs, such as Egypt, Ethiopia and Kenya, which have had centralized job allocation mechanisms that do not give a search advantage to locating near public jobs. We show that high public...
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作者：Truett, LJ; Truett, DB
作者单位：University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio
摘要：This study investigates the substitutability relationships among capital, labor, and imported inputs for South Africa, utilizing the estimates obtained from an aggregate cost function. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that capital is a substitute for both domestic labor and imports, but that labor and imports are complementary inputs. This latter result suggests that relaxing South African trade restrictions may have a positive impact, in both the long and the short run, on the d...
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作者：Harrison, GW; Rutherford, TF; Tarr, DG
作者单位：The World Bank; University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver
摘要：Even if trade liberalization results in aggregate welfare gains over all households, it is possible that the poorest households could lose. We illustrate two approaches to designing trade liberalization in Turkey which ensure that the poor will not lose. The first approach uses direct compensation to losers. The second approach uses limited policy reform, where exceptions to the across-the-board reform are chosen to meet the equity goal. In each case, we map out some of the efficiency costs of...
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作者：Jain, S; Mansuri, G
作者单位：University of Virginia; The World Bank
摘要：Informal lenders appear to be thriving even in regions where microfinance institutions (MFIs), such as the Grameen Bank, have established lending programs. We suggest that an explanation for this well-documented observation lies in the ubiquitous use of regularly scheduled repayments by MFIs. Borrowers are typically required to repay their loans in tightly structured installments, beginning soon after loan disbursement. This little-remarked aspect of the repayment schedule is usually explained...
