作者：SUNDSTROM, WA
摘要：In both northern and southern cities of the United States, African-Americans faced a web of social constraints on such activities as housing, shopping, and everyday interpersonal interactions. Those constraints had implications for the labor market as well. In particular, norms against white subservience to blacks played an important role in determining the social composition of occupations. Close attention to the operation of such social norms can add much explanatory power to conventional ec...
作者：University of Pennsylvania; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Existing output series that cover both the antebellum and postbellum periods are inconsistent and unsuitable for comparing cyclical patterns across the nineteenth century. More consistent data show that output in cyclically sensitive sectors was no less, and probably more, volatile before the War Between the States than after it.
