作者：Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; Pompeu Fabra University
摘要：Spain provides an opportunity to study the causes of regional differences in industrial development over the nineteenth century. As transportation costs decreased and barriers to domestic trade were eliminated, Spanish manufacturing became increasingly concentrated in a few regions. This article combines Heckscher-Ohlin and economic-geography frameworks and finds that comparative-advantage and increasing-return effects were economically very significant and practically explained all difference...
作者：State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Delhi
作者：University of Warwick
摘要：There are currently two ways of estimating relative levels of per capita income back to the nineteenth century. The most commonly adopted approach, popularized in particular by Angus Maddison and labeled long-span estimates by Marianne Ward and John Devereux, is to use time-series projection from a recent benchmark.(1) The alternative procedure, labeled direct estimates by Ward and Devereux, is to use direct benchmark estimates for earlier years. Ward and Devereux provide some new direct estim...
