2003

最新文章

• Shattered rails, ruined credit: Financial fragility and railroad operations in the great depression AI翻译
  作者：Bar Ilan University
  摘要：This article uses a new panel dataset to investigate the relationship between financial fragility and real activity on U.S. railroads during 1929-1940. Leverage had a negative effect on maintenance, within small firms only. Bankruptcy had a positive effect on maintenance and employment, within large firms only. Both leverage and bankruptcy effects were significantly larger during the worst depression years. Had all railroads been bankrupt during 1930-1933, GDP would have increased by 0.2 perce...
• The sword of damocles: US. financial hegemony in Colombia and Chile, 1950-1970. AI翻译
  作者：Stanford University
• High incomes in 20th-century France: Inequalities and redistribution 1901-1998 AI翻译
  作者：University of North Dakota Grand Forks
• Ottoman taxation in Palestine, Syria, and Transjordan in the sixteenth century: The determinants of kism rates AI翻译
  作者：University of Connecticut
• The short and the dead: Nutrition, mortality, and the antebellum puzzle in the United States AI翻译
  作者：Colgate University; North Carolina State University; University of Kansas
  摘要：Between 1830 and 1860 the United States experienced rapid economic growth but declining stature and rising mortality. Debate has centered on whether the American diet deteriorated in the mid-nineteenth century. Employing census and muster records, this article tests the hypotheses that adult height was positively correlated with local production of nutrients in early childhood and negatively correlated with local mortality conditions, urbanization, proximity to transport, and population mobili...
• New estimates of the average tariff of the United States, 1790-1820 AI翻译
  作者：Dartmouth College
• The Islamic commercial crisis: Institutional roots of economic underdevelopment in the Middle East AI翻译
  作者：University of Southern California
  摘要：During the second millennium, the Middle East's commerce with Western Europe fell increasingly under European domination. Two factors played critical roles. First, the Islamic inheritance system, by raising the costs of dissolving a partnership following a partner's death, kept Middle Eastern commercial enterprises small and ephemeral. Second, certain European inheritance systems facilitated large and durable partnerships by reducing the likelihood of premature dissolution. The upshot is that ...
• The public provision of disaster relief in China in the eighteenth century AI翻译
  作者：Shiue, CH
• The public promotion of private organization AI翻译
  作者：University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
• Technology and learning by factory workers: The stretch-out at Lowell, 1842 AI翻译
  作者：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
  摘要：In 1842 Lowell textile firms increased weaving productivity by assigning three looms per worker instead of two. This marked a turning point. Before, weavers at Lowell were temporary and mostly literate Yankee farm girls; afterwards, firms increasingly hired local residents, including illiterate and Irish workers. An important factor was on-the-job learning. Literate workers learned new technology faster, but local workers stayed longer. These changes were unprofitable before 1842, and the adva...