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作者：University of Pennsylvania
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作者：University of New Mexico
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作者：Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
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作者：University of Tokyo; Nagoya City University
摘要：In prewar Japan, many banks were controlled by industrial companies through capital and personal relationships. The literature has pointed out that those banks engaged in unsound lending to their related companies, which resulted in damage to the financial system (organ bank hypothesis). In this article we examine this hypothesis by measuring director interlocking between banks and nonbanking companies. It was found that more than 80 percent of ordinary banks had director interlocking with at ...
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作者：George Mason University
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作者：Harvard University
摘要：I use a rich new dataset of Louisiana slave records to answer long-standing questions about manumission. I examine who was manumitted, by whom, and whether manumittees paid prices above market for their freedom, shedding some light on the debate of the efficiency of slavery. Legal changes after the Louisiana Purchase allow us to conclude that manumission laws were quite important in determining the terms at which manumission agreements were struck: when slaves lost the right to sue for self-pu...
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作者：University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
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作者：University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Northwestern University
摘要：We explore the dynamics of the agricultural ladder for black farmers in the U.S. South using individual-level data from a retrospective survey conducted in 1938 in Jefferson County, Arkansas. We develop and test hypotheses to explain the time spent as a tenant, sharecropper, and wage laborer. The most striking result of our analysis is the importance of individual characteristics in career mobility. In all periods-pre-World War I; the war years, and subsequent boom; the 1920s; and the Great De...
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作者：Washington University (WUSTL)
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作者：Flandreau, M; Jobst, C
摘要：Conventional studies of the late-nineteenth-century international monetary system refer heuristically to core and peripheral countries. In this article, we seek to provide rigorous foundations to such expressions. Applying a formal procedure borrowed from network analysis produces indices of centrality and systematic rankings. We show that the international monetary system of the late nineteenth century is best described as a three-tier system. Other findings include the discovery of a closely...
