作者：Bowdoin College; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The French economy has been criticized for a lack of integration of women in business and for the prevalence of inefficient family firms. A sample drawn from patent and exhibition records is used to examine the role of women in enterprise and invention in France. Middle-class women were extensively engaged in entrepreneurship and innovation, and the empirical analysis indicates that their commercial efforts were significantly enhanced by association with family firms. Such formerly invisible a...
作者：Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
作者：University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
作者：Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
作者：William & Mary; Northwestern University; University System of Ohio; Oberlin College; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
摘要：New water purification technologies led to large mortality declines by helping eliminate typhoid fever and other waterborne diseases. We examine how this affected human capital formation using early-life typhoid fatality rates to proxy for water quality. We merge city-level data to individuals linked between the 1900 and 1940 Censuses. Eliminating early-life exposure to typhoid fever increased later-life earnings by one percent and educational attainment by one month. Instrumenting for typhoid...
