2期

最新文章

• Social Insurance and Public Assistance in the Twentieth-Century United States AI翻译
  作者：University of Arizona; National Bureau of Economic Research
  摘要：The growth of American governments in the twentieth century included large increases in funds for social insurance and public assistance. Social insurance has increased far more than public assistance, so rise in the social insurance state is a far better description of the century than rise in the welfare state. The United States has increased total spending in these areas as much or more as have European countries, but the U.S. spending has relied less heavily on government programs. In the ...
• The Credit Boom in Loans to Brokers and Stock Prices Fluctuations in the 1920s AI翻译
  作者：University of California System; University of California Irvine
• Will You Miss Me When I'm Gone? Family Networks and Social Outcomes, England 1750-2019 AI翻译
  作者：University of California System; University of California Davis; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
• From Complementary to Competitive: The London and UK Provincial Stock Markets AI翻译
  作者：State University of New York (SUNY) System; Farmingdale State College; Queens University Belfast
  摘要：For many decades, there were stock exchanges operating in provincial cities across Britain. We analyze why companies listed on these markets and how this changed over time. We find that the provincial exchanges had traditionally been complementary to London, providing a trading venue for smaller regional companies. However, they gradually lost their uniqueness and were increasingly competing with London by listing similar stocks. Much of this change can be explained by shifts in industrial com...
• The 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Brazil: Human Capital Formation and Labor Market Consequences AI翻译
  作者：Brandeis University
• Caste, Reservation Policy and Social Mobility in India AI翻译
  作者：University of California System; University of California Davis
• Land Inequality and Human Capital: Evidence for the United States from the Homestead Act AI翻译
  作者：Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
• Rosenwald Schools and the Intergenerational Mobility of Blacks and Whites: Evidence from North Carolina AI翻译
  作者：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
• A Positive Effect of Political Dynasties: The Case of France's 1940 Enabling Act AI翻译
  作者：Universite Libre de Bruxelles
• The Gender Wage Gap in Early Modern Toledo, 1550-1650 AI翻译
  作者：University of British Columbia; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR); University of Barcelona
  摘要：We exploit the records of a large Toledan hospital to study the compensation of female labor and the gender wage gap in early modern Castile in the context of nursing-a non-gendered, low-skill occupation in which men and women performed the same clearly defined tasks. We employ a robust methodology to estimate the value of in-kind compensation, and show it to constitute a central part of the labor contract, far exceeding subsistence requirements. Patient admissions records are used to measure ...