作者：Bowdoin College; National Bureau of Economic Research
作者：University Hohenheim; University of Mannheim
摘要：In the second half of the nineteenth century, the patent office of the German state Wuerttemberg strategically discriminated against foreign inventors by charging comparatively high patent fees. We show that this administrative practice was driven by fiscal and protectionist motives.
作者：University of Barcelona; University of Melbourne
摘要：While credit supply growth is associated with exacerbating financial crises, its impact on long-run growth is unclear. Market access similarly has ambiguous economic effects over time. Using regional variation in bond payments to samurai and the introduction of railways in nineteenth century Japan, we find that together they are associated with persistent redistributive effects between regions and sectors. Areas with higher bond value and railway access experienced tertiary sector growth and p...
作者：University of California System; University of California Irvine
作者：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
