The evolution of hominin bipedalism in two steps

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Senevirathne, Gayani; Fernandopulle, Serena C.; Richard, Daniel; Baumgart, Stephanie L.; Christensen, Anika Liv; Fabbri, Matteo; Hoppner, Jakob; Juppner, Harald; Li, Peishu; Bothe, Vivien; Frobisch, Nadia; Simcock, Ian; Arthurs, Owen J.; Calder, Alistair; Freilich, Naomi; Nowlan, Niamh C.; Glass, Ian A.; Craft, April; Capellini, Terence D.
• 署名单位: Harvard University; Stanford University; Stanford Medicine; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University System of Ohio; Ohio University; Leibniz Institut fur Evolutions und Biodiversitatsforschung; University of London; University College London; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; University College London; University College Dublin; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute
• 刊物名称: NATURE
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0028-0836; 1476-4687
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09399-9
• 发表日期: 2025-09-25
• 关键词: hormone-related peptide; campomelic dysplasia; parathyroid-hormone; translocation breakpoints; bone-formation; growth-factor; sox9; expression; deletion; pleiotrophin

摘要

Bipedalism is a human-defining trait1, 2-3. It is made possible by the familiar, bowl-shaped pelvis, whose short, wide iliac blades curve along the sides of the body to stabilize walking and support internal organs and a large-brained, broad-shouldered baby4, 5-6. The ilium changes compared with living primates are an evolutionary novelty7. However, how this evolution came about remains unknown. Here, using a multifaceted histological, comparative genomic and functional genomic approach, we identified the developmental bases of the morphogenetic shifts in the human pelvis that made bipedalism possible. First, we observe that the human ilium cartilage growth plate underwent a heterotopic shift, residing perpendicular to the orientation present in other primate (and mouse) ilia. Second, we observe heterochronic and heterotopic shifts in ossification that are unlike those in non-human primate ilia or human long bones. Ossification initiates posteriorly, resides externally with fibroblast (and perichondral) cells contributing to osteoblasts, and is delayed compared with other bones in humans and with primate ilia. Underlying these two shifts are regulatory changes in an integrated chondrocyte-perichondral-osteoblast pathway, involving complex hierarchical interactions between SOX9-ZNF521-PTH1R and RUNX2-FOXP1/2. These innovations facilitated further growth of the human pelvis and the unique formation of the ilium among primates.